Chapter 1 - Human Body Orientation Flashcards
(150 cards)
1
Q
Anatomy
A
the structure of body parts
2
Q
Macroscopic Anatomy
A
study of body structures visible to naked eye
3
Q
Regional Anatomy
A
study of body structures in particular region
4
Q
Systemic Anatomy
A
body studied by system
5
Q
Surface Anatomy
A
study of internal structures relating to the skin surface
6
Q
Microscopic Anatomy
A
study of structures too small to be seen with naked eye
7
Q
Cytology
A
study of cells
8
Q
Hystology
A
study of tissues
9
Q
Developmental Anatomy
A
study of changes the occur throughout life span
10
Q
Embryology
A
study of changes that occur before birth
11
Q
Pathological Anatomy
A
study of changes caused by disease
12
Q
Radiographic Anatomy
A
studies internal structures by x-ray
13
Q
Palpation
A
feeling organs with hands
14
Q
Auscultation
A
listening to organ with a stethoscope
15
Q
Physiology
A
study function of body
16
Q
Renal Physiology
A
kidney function and urine production
17
Q
Neurophysiology
A
explains nervous system
18
Q
Cardiovascular Physiology
A
examines operation of heart
19
Q
Principle of Complementarity of Structure and Function
A
function depends on structure
20
Q
Chemical Level
A
atoms- tiny building blocks of matter
21
Q
Cellular Level
A
cells- basic form of life
22
Q
Tissue Level
A
group of cells that have a common function
23
Q
Epithelium Tissue
A
covers body surfaces and lines its cavities
24
Q
Muscle Tissue
A
provides movement
25
Connective Tissue
supports and protects body organs
26
Nervous Tissue
provides rapid internal communication with impulses
27
Organ Level
two or more tissues working together for common function
28
Organ System Level
organs working together for a common purpose
29
Integumentary System
external body covering protects body from injury
| organs- hair, skin, nails
30
Skeletal System
protects and supports body organs provides framework
| organs- joints, bones
31
Muscular System
allows movement maintains posture and produces heat
| organs- skeletal muscles
32
Nervous System
fast acting control system of body
| organs- brain, spinal cord, nerves
33
Endocrine System
hormones regulate growth, reproduction and nutrient use
| organs- glands, pancreas, thymus, ovary , testis
34
Cardiovascular System
blood transport blood, oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients and wastes... heart pumps blood
organs- heart, blood vessels
35
Lymphatic System (immune system)
attacks foreign substances in body
| organs- red bone marrow, spleen, thymus, lymphatic vessels, thoracic duct, lymph nodes
36
Respiratory System
gash exchange through lungs
| organs- nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchus, lung
37
Digestive System
breaks down food
| organs- oral cavity, esophagus, liver, stomach , rectum, anus , large intestine, small intestine
38
Urinary System
eliminates nitrogenous wastes from body regulates electrolytes and acid base balance of blood
organs- kidney, ureter, urinary bladder, urethra
39
Reproductive System (Male)
production of offspring
| organs- prostate, penis, scrotum, testes, ductus deferens
40
Reproductive System (Female)
produce offspring
| organs- mammary glands, ovary, vagina, uterus, uterine tube
41
Homeostasis
state of equilibrium
42
Homeostatic Mechanism Process
stimulus- change
receptor- detects change
control center- set point
effector- feedback or response
43
Negative Feedback Mechanisms
response goes in opposite direction of stimuli (reduces intensity)
ex: temp
44
Positive Feedback Mechanisms
intensifies original stimuli, goes in same direction of stimuli
ex: conractions/ labor
45
Axial Division
heads, neck and trunk
46
Appendicular Division
upper and lower limbs( arms and legs)
47
Cephalic
head
48
Thoracic
chest
49
Cervical
neck
50
Abdominal
stomach
51
Pelvic
pelvis (hips)
52
Pubic
genital
53
Dorsal
back
54
Pedal
foot
55
Superior (cranial)
above; toward head
56
Inferior (caudal)
below; towards feet
57
Anterior( ventral)
in front
58
Posterior (dorsal)
in the back; behind
59
Medial
towards midline; middle
60
Lateral
to the side
61
Intermediate
more medial and more lateral structure
62
Proximal
near or toward attachment of limb
63
Distal
away or toward trunk
64
Superficial (external)
toward surface
65
Deep (internal)
away from surface
66
Midsagittal Plane
vertical plane that divides body left from right parts
67
Frontal Plane
vertical lane that divides body front and back
68
Transverse Plane
divides the body into superior and inferior parts
69
Dorsal Body Cavity
cranial- skull
| spinal- spinal cord
70
Ventral Body Cavity
thoracic- chest
| abdominopelvic- abdomen(stomach) , pelvic( pelvis)
71
Pleural Cavities
envelope a lung
72
Mediastinum
divides two cavities especially between lungs
73
Pericardial Cavity
encloses heart and surrounds thoracic organs
74
Serous Membrane
thin double layered membrane that covers outer surfaces of organs
75
Parietal Membrane
lines cavity walls
76
Visceral Serosa
covers organs
77
Serous Fluid
lubricant separating serous membranes
78
Abdominopelvic Quadrants
right upper quadrant left upper quadrant
right lower quadrant left lower quadrant
79
Umbilical Region
belly button area
80
Epigastric Region
superior to umbilical region; above belly button
81
Hypogastric Region
inferior to umbilical region; below belly button (pubic region)
82
Right and Left Iliac/Inguinal Regions
lateral to hypogastric region
83
Right and Left Lumbar Regions
lateral to umbilical region
84
Right and Left Hypochondriac Regions
lateral epigastric region
85
Oral Cavity
mouth
86
Nasal Cavity
nose
87
Orbital Cavity
eyes
88
Synovial Cavities
joint cavities that move freely
89
What is anatomy and physiology?
anatomy is study of structure, physiology is study of function
90
What are subdivisions of anatomy?
gross anatomy, microscopic anatomy, developmental anatomy
91
What are the levels of structural hierarchy
chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system, organismal
92
What is the basic unit of life?
cell
93
Which systems ensure homeostasis?
nervous and endocrine system
94
Which term applies to the backside of body?
posterior; dorsal
95
In what way does physiology depend on anatomy?
function depends on structure
96
What level of structural organization is typical of a cytologist?
cells
97
what is the correct structural order for the following terms: tissue, organism, organ, cell?
cell,tissue,organ,organism
98
Acromial
point of the shoulder
99
Antebrachial
forearm
100
Antecubital
anterior surface of the elbow
101
Axillary
armpit
102
Brachial
arm
103
Buccal
cheek
104
Carpal
wrist
105
Coxal
hip
106
Crural
leg
107
Digital
fingersor toes
108
Femoral
thigh
109
Fibular (peroneal)
side of leg
110
Frontal
forehead
111
Hallux
great toe
112
Inguinal
groin area
113
Mammary
breast region
114
Manus
hand
115
Mental
chin
116
Nasal
nose
117
Oral
mouth
118
Orbital
boney eye socket
119
Palmar
palm of hand
120
Patellar
anterior knee
121
Pollex
thumb
122
Calcaneal
heel of foot
123
Dorsum
back
124
Gluteal
butt
125
Lumbar
lower back
126
Occipital
back of head
127
Olecranal
back of elbow
128
Otic
ear
129
Perineal
between anus and genitalia
130
Plantar
sole of foot
131
Popliteal
back of knee
132
Sacral
between hips
133
Scapular
shoulder blade
134
Sural
calf \leg
135
Vertebral
spinal column
136
Describe anatomical position
body is erect with feet slightly apart palms face forward and thumbs away from body
137
list and explain functions necessary for life
maintaining boundaries- internal, external
movement-muscular system
responsiveness-alert to stimuli
digestion- digestive system
reproduction- offspring
growth- development increase in size of organism
metabolism- chemical reactions within body
excretion- poop, pee
138
list and explain needs for survival
nutrients- diet carbs,vitamins, minerals
oxygen- needed for chemical reactions
water- accounts for 50-60% of body weight most abundant chemical substance
Normal body temp- 37C or 98.6F
atmospheric temperature- comfortable breathing
139
homeostasis
1- the receptor responds to stimuli (input/afferent)
2- control center determines set point and determines appropriate response(output/efferent)
3- effector carries out the response and gives feedback
140
compare and contrast positive and negative feedback
negative feedback shuts off original effect of stimuli and reduces intensity(opposite direction) while positive feedback enhances the original stimulus (same direction)
141
what causes homeostatic imbalance?
aging
142
organs in the right hypochondriac region
liver, gallbladder
143
organs in the epigastric region
stomach
144
organs in the left hypochondriac region
diaphragm, spleen
145
organs in the right lumbar region
ascending colon of the large intestine
146
organs in umbilical region
small intestine, transverse colon of large intestine
147
organs in left lumbar region
descending colon of large intestine
148
right iliac region (inguinal)
cecum, appendix
149
hypogastric region(pubic)
urinary bladder
150
left iliac region(inguinal)
initial part of sigmoid colon
