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Anatomy and Physiology > Chapter 1 - Human Body Orientation > Flashcards

Chapter 1 - Human Body Orientation Flashcards

1
Q

Anatomy

A

the structure of body parts

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2
Q

Macroscopic Anatomy

A

study of body structures visible to naked eye

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3
Q

Regional Anatomy

A

study of body structures in particular region

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4
Q

Systemic Anatomy

A

body studied by system

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5
Q

Surface Anatomy

A

study of internal structures relating to the skin surface

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6
Q

Microscopic Anatomy

A

study of structures too small to be seen with naked eye

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7
Q

Cytology

A

study of cells

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8
Q

Hystology

A

study of tissues

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9
Q

Developmental Anatomy

A

study of changes the occur throughout life span

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10
Q

Embryology

A

study of changes that occur before birth

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11
Q

Pathological Anatomy

A

study of changes caused by disease

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12
Q

Radiographic Anatomy

A

studies internal structures by x-ray

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13
Q

Palpation

A

feeling organs with hands

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14
Q

Auscultation

A

listening to organ with a stethoscope

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15
Q

Physiology

A

study function of body

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16
Q

Renal Physiology

A

kidney function and urine production

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17
Q

Neurophysiology

A

explains nervous system

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18
Q

Cardiovascular Physiology

A

examines operation of heart

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19
Q

Principle of Complementarity of Structure and Function

A

function depends on structure

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20
Q

Chemical Level

A

atoms- tiny building blocks of matter

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21
Q

Cellular Level

A

cells- basic form of life

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22
Q

Tissue Level

A

group of cells that have a common function

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23
Q

Epithelium Tissue

A

covers body surfaces and lines its cavities

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24
Q

Muscle Tissue

A

provides movement

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25
Q

Connective Tissue

A

supports and protects body organs

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26
Q

Nervous Tissue

A

provides rapid internal communication with impulses

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27
Q

Organ Level

A

two or more tissues working together for common function

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28
Q

Organ System Level

A

organs working together for a common purpose

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29
Q

Integumentary System

A

external body covering protects body from injury

organs- hair, skin, nails

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30
Q

Skeletal System

A

protects and supports body organs provides framework

organs- joints, bones

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31
Q

Muscular System

A

allows movement maintains posture and produces heat

organs- skeletal muscles

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32
Q

Nervous System

A

fast acting control system of body

organs- brain, spinal cord, nerves

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33
Q

Endocrine System

A

hormones regulate growth, reproduction and nutrient use

organs- glands, pancreas, thymus, ovary , testis

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34
Q

Cardiovascular System

A

blood transport blood, oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients and wastes… heart pumps blood
organs- heart, blood vessels

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35
Q

Lymphatic System (immune system)

A

attacks foreign substances in body

organs- red bone marrow, spleen, thymus, lymphatic vessels, thoracic duct, lymph nodes

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36
Q

Respiratory System

A

gash exchange through lungs

organs- nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchus, lung

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37
Q

Digestive System

A

breaks down food

organs- oral cavity, esophagus, liver, stomach , rectum, anus , large intestine, small intestine

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38
Q

Urinary System

A

eliminates nitrogenous wastes from body regulates electrolytes and acid base balance of blood
organs- kidney, ureter, urinary bladder, urethra

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39
Q

Reproductive System (Male)

A

production of offspring

organs- prostate, penis, scrotum, testes, ductus deferens

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40
Q

Reproductive System (Female)

A

produce offspring

organs- mammary glands, ovary, vagina, uterus, uterine tube

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41
Q

Homeostasis

A

state of equilibrium

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42
Q

Homeostatic Mechanism Process

A

stimulus- change
receptor- detects change
control center- set point
effector- feedback or response

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43
Q

Negative Feedback Mechanisms

A

response goes in opposite direction of stimuli (reduces intensity)
ex: temp

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44
Q

Positive Feedback Mechanisms

A

intensifies original stimuli, goes in same direction of stimuli
ex: conractions/ labor

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45
Q

Axial Division

A

heads, neck and trunk

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46
Q

Appendicular Division

A

upper and lower limbs( arms and legs)

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47
Q

Cephalic

A

head

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48
Q

Thoracic

A

chest

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49
Q

Cervical

A

neck

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50
Q

Abdominal

A

stomach

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51
Q

Pelvic

A

pelvis (hips)

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52
Q

Pubic

A

genital

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53
Q

Dorsal

A

back

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54
Q

Pedal

A

foot

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55
Q

Superior (cranial)

A

above; toward head

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56
Q

Inferior (caudal)

A

below; towards feet

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57
Q

Anterior( ventral)

A

in front

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58
Q

Posterior (dorsal)

A

in the back; behind

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59
Q

Medial

A

towards midline; middle

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60
Q

Lateral

A

to the side

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61
Q

Intermediate

A

more medial and more lateral structure

62
Q

Proximal

A

near or toward attachment of limb

63
Q

Distal

A

away or toward trunk

64
Q

Superficial (external)

A

toward surface

65
Q

Deep (internal)

A

away from surface

66
Q

Midsagittal Plane

A

vertical plane that divides body left from right parts

67
Q

Frontal Plane

A

vertical lane that divides body front and back

68
Q

Transverse Plane

A

divides the body into superior and inferior parts

69
Q

Dorsal Body Cavity

A

cranial- skull

spinal- spinal cord

70
Q

Ventral Body Cavity

A

thoracic- chest

abdominopelvic- abdomen(stomach) , pelvic( pelvis)

71
Q

Pleural Cavities

A

envelope a lung

72
Q

Mediastinum

A

divides two cavities especially between lungs

73
Q

Pericardial Cavity

A

encloses heart and surrounds thoracic organs

74
Q

Serous Membrane

A

thin double layered membrane that covers outer surfaces of organs

75
Q

Parietal Membrane

A

lines cavity walls

76
Q

Visceral Serosa

A

covers organs

77
Q

Serous Fluid

A

lubricant separating serous membranes

78
Q

Abdominopelvic Quadrants

A

right upper quadrant left upper quadrant

right lower quadrant left lower quadrant

79
Q

Umbilical Region

A

belly button area

80
Q

Epigastric Region

A

superior to umbilical region; above belly button

81
Q

Hypogastric Region

A

inferior to umbilical region; below belly button (pubic region)

82
Q

Right and Left Iliac/Inguinal Regions

A

lateral to hypogastric region

83
Q

Right and Left Lumbar Regions

A

lateral to umbilical region

84
Q

Right and Left Hypochondriac Regions

A

lateral epigastric region

85
Q

Oral Cavity

A

mouth

86
Q

Nasal Cavity

A

nose

87
Q

Orbital Cavity

A

eyes

88
Q

Synovial Cavities

A

joint cavities that move freely

89
Q

What is anatomy and physiology?

A

anatomy is study of structure, physiology is study of function

90
Q

What are subdivisions of anatomy?

A

gross anatomy, microscopic anatomy, developmental anatomy

91
Q

What are the levels of structural hierarchy

A

chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system, organismal

92
Q

What is the basic unit of life?

A

cell

93
Q

Which systems ensure homeostasis?

A

nervous and endocrine system

94
Q

Which term applies to the backside of body?

A

posterior; dorsal

95
Q

In what way does physiology depend on anatomy?

A

function depends on structure

96
Q

What level of structural organization is typical of a cytologist?

A

cells

97
Q

what is the correct structural order for the following terms: tissue, organism, organ, cell?

A

cell,tissue,organ,organism

98
Q

Acromial

A

point of the shoulder

99
Q

Antebrachial

A

forearm

100
Q

Antecubital

A

anterior surface of the elbow

101
Q

Axillary

A

armpit

102
Q

Brachial

A

arm

103
Q

Buccal

A

cheek

104
Q

Carpal

A

wrist

105
Q

Coxal

A

hip

106
Q

Crural

A

leg

107
Q

Digital

A

fingersor toes

108
Q

Femoral

A

thigh

109
Q

Fibular (peroneal)

A

side of leg

110
Q

Frontal

A

forehead

111
Q

Hallux

A

great toe

112
Q

Inguinal

A

groin area

113
Q

Mammary

A

breast region

114
Q

Manus

A

hand

115
Q

Mental

A

chin

116
Q

Nasal

A

nose

117
Q

Oral

A

mouth

118
Q

Orbital

A

boney eye socket

119
Q

Palmar

A

palm of hand

120
Q

Patellar

A

anterior knee

121
Q

Pollex

A

thumb

122
Q

Calcaneal

A

heel of foot

123
Q

Dorsum

A

back

124
Q

Gluteal

A

butt

125
Q

Lumbar

A

lower back

126
Q

Occipital

A

back of head

127
Q

Olecranal

A

back of elbow

128
Q

Otic

A

ear

129
Q

Perineal

A

between anus and genitalia

130
Q

Plantar

A

sole of foot

131
Q

Popliteal

A

back of knee

132
Q

Sacral

A

between hips

133
Q

Scapular

A

shoulder blade

134
Q

Sural

A

calf \leg

135
Q

Vertebral

A

spinal column

136
Q

Describe anatomical position

A

body is erect with feet slightly apart palms face forward and thumbs away from body

137
Q

list and explain functions necessary for life

A

maintaining boundaries- internal, external
movement-muscular system
responsiveness-alert to stimuli
digestion- digestive system
reproduction- offspring
growth- development increase in size of organism
metabolism- chemical reactions within body
excretion- poop, pee

138
Q

list and explain needs for survival

A

nutrients- diet carbs,vitamins, minerals
oxygen- needed for chemical reactions
water- accounts for 50-60% of body weight most abundant chemical substance
Normal body temp- 37C or 98.6F
atmospheric temperature- comfortable breathing

139
Q

homeostasis

A

1- the receptor responds to stimuli (input/afferent)
2- control center determines set point and determines appropriate response(output/efferent)
3- effector carries out the response and gives feedback

140
Q

compare and contrast positive and negative feedback

A

negative feedback shuts off original effect of stimuli and reduces intensity(opposite direction) while positive feedback enhances the original stimulus (same direction)

141
Q

what causes homeostatic imbalance?

A

aging

142
Q

organs in the right hypochondriac region

A

liver, gallbladder

143
Q

organs in the epigastric region

A

stomach

144
Q

organs in the left hypochondriac region

A

diaphragm, spleen

145
Q

organs in the right lumbar region

A

ascending colon of the large intestine

146
Q

organs in umbilical region

A

small intestine, transverse colon of large intestine

147
Q

organs in left lumbar region

A

descending colon of large intestine

148
Q

right iliac region (inguinal)

A

cecum, appendix

149
Q

hypogastric region(pubic)

A

urinary bladder

150
Q

left iliac region(inguinal)

A

initial part of sigmoid colon

Anatomy and Physiology (3 decks)

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