Chapter 2- Chemistry Flashcards
(128 cards)
1
Q
Matter
A
anything takes up space and has mass
2
Q
States of Matter
A
solid, liquid, gas
3
Q
Energy
A
capacity to do work; to matter into motion
4
Q
Kinetic Energy
A
energy in action
5
Q
Potential Energy
A
stored energy; at rest
6
Q
Chemical Energy
A
stored in the bonds of chemical substances
7
Q
Electrical Energy
A
movement of charged particles
8
Q
Mechanical Energy
A
directly involved with moving matter
9
Q
Radiant Energy/ Electromagnetic Radiation
A
energy that travels in waves
10
Q
Element
A
unique substances that cannot be broken down
11
Q
Periodic Table
A
listing of the known elements
12
Q
Atoms
A
building blocks
13
Q
Atomic Symbol
A
designated short name for elements (two letters) usually the first two letters
14
Q
Physical Properties
A
detect with senses
15
Q
Chemical Properties
A
the way atoms interact with other atoms bonding behavior
16
Q
Nucleus
A
center of an atom contains protons and neutrons
17
Q
Protons
A
positive charge
18
Q
Neutrons
A
neutral charge
19
Q
Atomic Mass Unit
A
mass (1amu)
20
Q
Electrons
A
negative charge
21
Q
Planetary Symbol
A
model of atomic structure e
22
Q
Orbitals
A
regions around nucleus
23
Q
Orbital Model
A
more useful for predicting the chemical behavior of atoms
24
Q
Atomic Number
A
number of protons
25
Mass Number
sum of the masses of its protons and neutrons
26
Isotopes
structural variations of an element
27
Atomic Weight
average of the relative weights of all the isotopes of an element
28
Radioisotopes
isotopes that have radioactivity
29
Molecule
two or more atoms held together by chemical bond
| when two or more atoms of the same element combine
30
Compound
two or more different kinds of atoms together
31
Mixtures
substances composed of two or more components physically intermixed
32
What are the 3 types of mixtures?
solutions , colloids, suspensions
33
Solutions
homogeneous mixtures of components that may be gases, liquids, or solids
34
Homogenous Mixture
mixture has exactly the same composition throughout
35
Solvent
substance with greater amount
36
Solutes
substance in smaller amounts
37
Percent
parts per 100 parts of the solute in the total solutions
38
Molarity
used to express concentration of a solution
39
Mole(M)
equal to atomic weight of the element
40
Molecular Weight
sum of the atomic weights in grams
41
Colloids (emulsions)
heterogenoeous mixtures; that are different in the areas of the mixture
42
Avogadro's Number
6.02*10^23
43
Sol-Gel Transformations
transform from fluid state to a more solid (gel) state
44
Suspensions
heterogeneous mixtures; large solutes that tend to settle out
ex: sand and water
45
Chemical Bonds
energy relationship between the electrons of the reacting atoms
46
Electron Shells
surround the atomic nucleus (orbitals)
47
Energy Level
electron shell; orbital
48
How many electrons fill up first shell?
2 electrons
49
How many electrons fill up the second shell?
8 electrons
50
How many electrons fill up the third shell?
18 electrons
51
What does it mean when the last shell has filled up (8 electrons)?
chemically inert; noble gases
52
Valence Shell
last shell
53
Rule of Eight
every shell except for shell one has 8 electrons
54
Ions
charged particles
55
Ionic Bond
chemical bond between atoms formed by the transfer of one or more electrons from one atom to the other
56
Anion
negative charged ion
57
Cation
positively charged ion
58
Covalent Bond
atoms share an electron
59
Nonpolar Molecules
molecules are electrically balanced
60
Polar Molecule
unequal electron pair sharing
61
Electronegativity
electron hungry atoms; atoms that are almost stable
62
Electropositive
atoms with one or two valence shell electrons
63
Dipole
molecule with two poles of charge
64
Hydrogen Bonds
form when hydrogen atom already liked is attracted to another electron hungry atom
65
Intramolecular Bonds
bonds within molecules
66
Reactants
number and kinds of the interacting substances
67
Products
chemical composition of the result of the reaction
68
Molecular Formula
product in every reaction
| ex: A+B=AB
69
Synthesis Reaction
combination reaction
| ex: A+B=AB
70
Anabolic Reaction
constructive activities in body cells; synthesis
71
Decomposition Reaction
molecule is broken down
| Ex:AB=A+B
72
Catabolic Reactions
degrative reactions; decompositions
73
Exchange/ Displacement Reactions
parts of reactant molecules change partners
| Ex: AB+C=AC+B
74
Oxidation-Reduction Reactions
decomposition and exchange reactions food fuels are broken for ATP production
75
Oxidized
reactants losing electrons (electron donor)
76
Reduced
reactant taking electron ( electron acceptor)
77
Exergonic Reactions
reactions that release energy
78
Endergonic Reactions
absorb energy
79
Chemical Equilibrium
no further net change to reactants or products
80
What factors affect rate of reactions?
temperature, concentration, size, catalysts
81
Catalysts
substances increase the rate of chemical reactions; enzymes
82
Biochemistry
study of chemical composition and reactions of living matter
83
Organic Compounds
contain carbon; CHONPS
| carbon , hydrogen , oxygen , nitrogen, phosphate, sulfur
84
Inorganic Compounds
don't have carbon
85
What are some of the inorganic compounds?
water, salt, acids
86
Universal Solvent
water
87
Hydration Layers
layers of water molecules
88
Electrolytes
substances that conduct an electrical current in solution
89
Acids
have a sour taste can react with metals; proton donors
90
Hydrogen Ions
a hydrogen nucleus
91
Bases
have bitter taste, feel slippery; proton acceptors
92
Bicarbonate ion
base in the body abundant in blood
93
Ammonia
waste product of protein breakdown
94
Acidic Solutions
high concentration of hydrogen ions in solution
95
Hydroxyl ions
hydroxides dissolved in water
96
Alkaline Solutions (basic)
lower concentration of hydrogen ions more hydroxyl ions
97
Buffers
regulators of acid base balance; proteins and other molecules
98
Strong Acids
acids that dissociate completely and irreversibly in water
99
Weak Acids
acids that don't dissociate completey
100
Strong Base
dissociate easily in water and quickly tie up with hydrogen
101
Weak Base
ionizes incompletely and reversibly
102
Carbonic Acid-Bicarbonate System
chemical blood buffers
103
Electroneutral
never loses or gains electrons; shares electrons
| ex: carbon
104
Monomers
small units of biological molecules
105
Polymers
made up of monomers into chainlike molecules
106
Dehydration Synthesis
hydrogen atom is removed from one monomer and a hydroxyl group is removed from the monomer it is to be joined with
107
Hydrolysis
molecules are degraded
108
Carbohydrates
molecules that include sugars and starches ; 1-2% of cell mass
109
Monosaccharides
simple sugars; single chain
110
Disaccharide
double sugar
111
Polysaccharides
polymer of simple sugars linked together
112
Tryglycerides
neutral fats; fats when solid oils when liquid; body's stored energy made up of glycerol and fatty acids
113
Saturated
single covalent bonds between carbon atoms
114
Unsaturated
one or more double bonds between carbon atoms
115
Trans Fats
oils that have been solidified by addition of H atoms at sites of carbon double bonds
116
Omega-3 Fatty Acid
found in cold water fish decreases risk of heart disease and inflammatory diseases
117
Phospholipids
modified tryglycerides
118
Steroids
flat molecules made of four interlocking hydrocarbon rings
119
Eicosanoids
diverse lipids derived from a 20- carbon acid in cell membranes
120
Protein
10-30% of cell mass; basic structural material of the body
121
Amino Acids
building blocks of proteins
122
R group
makes each amino acid chemically unique
123
Peptide Bond
characteristic arrangement of linked atoms
124
Macromolecules
large complex molecules containing more than 100 to 10000 amino acids
125
Alpha helix
secondary structure of a protein looks like a slinky toy
126
beta pleated sheet
another secondary structure of a protein chains do not coil and are linked side by side
127
Fibrous Proteins
structural proteins; extended and strand like
128
Globular Proteins
functional proteins; compact spherical proteins that have at least tertiary structure
