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BIO 370 > Chapter 1: Human Organism > Flashcards

Chapter 1: Human Organism Flashcards

1
Q

This includes the changes an organism undergoes through time, beginning with fertilization and ending at death

A

Development

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2
Q

This organ system performs the mechanical and chemical processes of digestion, absorption of nutrients, and elimination of wastes

A

Digestive System

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3
Q

The scientific discipline that studies the body’s structure

A

Anatomy

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4
Q

The scientific investigation of the processes or functions of the body

A

Physiology

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5
Q

The study of the cells

A

Cytology

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5
Q

The study that examines the tissues

A

Histology

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6
Q

A person is ____ when lying face upward

A

Supine

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8
Q

This characteristic of life refers to an increase in size or number of cells, which produces an overall enlargement of all or part of an organism

A

Growth

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9
Q

This level of anatomy studies the structural changes that occur between conception and adulthood

A

Developmental Anatomy

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10
Q

A subspecialty of developmental anatomy that considers changes from conception to the end of the eighth week of development

A

Embryology

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11
Q

The two approaches of gross anatomy or macroscopic anatomy

A

Systemically and Regionally

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12
Q

A ___ is a group of structures that have one or more common functions

A

system

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13
Q

In this type of anatomy, the body is studied system by system

A

Systemic Anatomy

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14
Q

In this type of anatomy, the body is studied area by area

A

Regional Anatomy

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15
Q

This involves looking at the exterior of the body to visualize structures deeper inside the body

A

Surface Anatomy

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16
Q

The use of radiographs (x-rays), ultrasound, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and other technologies to create pictures of internal structures

A

Anatomical Imaging

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17
Q

These are physical characteristics that differ from the normal pattern

A

Anatomical Anomalies

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18
Q

This type of physiology examines the processes occurring in cells such as energy production from food

A

Cell Physiology

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19
Q

The medical science dealing with all aspects of disease

A

Pathology

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20
Q

This type of physiology focuses on the changes in function and structure caused by exercise

A

Exercise Physiology

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21
Q

What are the 6 Levels of Organization?

A
  1. Chemical level
  2. Cell level
  3. Tissue level
  4. Organ level
  5. Organ system level
  6. Organism level
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22
Q

What is the 1st level of organization?

A

Chemical level

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23
Q

What is the 2nd level of organization?

A

Cell level

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24
Q

What is the 3rd level of organization?

A

Tissue level

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25
Q

What is the 4th level of organization?

A

Organ level

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26
Q

What is the 5th level of organization?

A

Organ system level

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27
Q

What is the 6th level of organization?

A

Organism level

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28
Q

What are the 6 Characteristics of Life?

A
  1. Organization
  2. Metabolism
  3. Responsiveness
  4. Growth
  5. Development
  6. Reproduction
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29
Q

This characteristic of life refers to the specific interrelationships among the parts if an organism and how those parts interact to perform specific functions

A

Organization

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30
Q

This is the ability to use energy and to perform vital functions

A

Metabolism

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31
Q

This refers to all of the chemical reactions taking place in the cells and internal environment of an organism

A

Metabolism

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32
Q

This characteristic of life is an organism’s ability to sense changes in its external or internal environment

A

Responsiveness

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33
Q

What are the 11 body systems?

A
  1. Integumentary
  2. Skeletal
  3. Muscular
  4. Nervous
  5. Endocrine
  6. Cardiovascular
  7. Lymphatic
  8. Respiratory
  9. Digestive
  10. Urinary
  11. Reproductive
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34
Q

It involves changes in a cell’s structure and function from an immature, generalized state to a mature, specialized state

A

Differentiation

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35
Q

This is the change in shape of tissues, organs, and the entire organism

A

Morphogenesis

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36
Q

This is the formation of new cells or new organisms

A

Reproduction

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37
Q

This body system provides protection, regulates temperature, prevents water loss, and helps produce Vitamin D

A

Integumentary System

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38
Q

This body system provides protection and support, allows body movements, produces blood cells, and stores minerals and adipose

A

Skeletal System

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39
Q

This body system produces body movements, maintains posture, and produces body heat

A

Muscular System

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40
Q

A major regulatory system that detects sensations and controls movements, physiological processes, and intellectual functions

A

Nervous System

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41
Q

A major regulatory system that influences metabolism, growth, reproduction, and many other functions

A

Endocrine System

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42
Q

A major regulatory system that transports nutrients, waste products, gases, and hormones throughout the body; plays a role in the immune response and the regulation of the body temperature

A

Cardiovascular System

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43
Q

What are the 3 Components of the Cardiovascular System?

A
  1. Heart
  2. Blood
  3. Blood vessels (veins, arteries)
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44
Q

This body system removes foreign substances from the blood and lymph, combats disease, maintains tissue, and fluid balance, and absorbs dietary fats from the digestive tract

A

Lymphatic System or Immune System

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45
Q

The Lymphatic System is also known as the ____

A

Immune System

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46
Q

This regulatory system is responsible for exchanges in oxygen and carbon dioxide between the blood and air and regulates blood pH

A

Respiratory System

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47
Q

This system removes waste products from the blood and regulates blood pH, ion balance, and water balance

A

Urinary System

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48
Q

The system responsible for producing hormones that influence sexual function and behaviors

A

Reproductive System

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49
Q

The existence and maintenance of a balanced environment within the body

A

Homeostasis

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50
Q

A disturbance in homeostasis, resulting in disease and possibly death

A

Homeostatic Imbalance

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51
Q

Changes in our environmental conditions, such as hot or cold outdoor temperatures, are called ___ because their values are not constant

A

Variables

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52
Q

Ideal normal body value in homeostasis is called ___

A

Setpoint

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53
Q

In the negative feedback in homeostasis, negative is ___ and means “____”

A

good, “to decrease”

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54
Q

This is when any deviation from the set point is made smaller or is resisted

A

Negative Feedback

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55
Q

What are the 3 components of the negative feedback mechanism?

A
  1. Receptor
  2. Control Center
  3. Effector
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56
Q

A changed variable in homeostasis is called ___

A

Stimulus

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57
Q

This occurs when a response to the original stimulus results in the deviation from the set point becoming even greater

A

Positive feedback

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58
Q

Positive feedback is ___ and means “___”

A

bad, “to increase”

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59
Q

A chemical responsible for blood clot formation

A

Thrombin

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60
Q

This refects to a person standing erect with the face directed forward, the upper limbs hanging to the sides, and the palms of the hands facing forward

A

Anatomical Position

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61
Q

A person is ___ when lying face upward

A

Supine

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62
Q

A person is ___ when lying face downward

A

Prone

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63
Q

In directional terms, superior means ____ and is interchangeable with the term ____

A

“above”, Cephalic

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64
Q

In directional terms, inferior means ____ and is interchangeable with the term ____

A

“below”, Caudal

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65
Q

In directional terms, anterior means ___ and is synonymous with the term ____ which means ___

A

“In front of”, ventral, “belly”

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66
Q

In directional terms, posterior means ___ and is synonymous with the term ____ which means ___

A

“behind”, dorsal, “back”

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67
Q

Proximal means ___

A

“close to”

68
Q

Distal means ___

A

“far from”

69
Q

Medial means ____

A

“toward the midline”

70
Q

Lateral means ____

A

“away from the midline”

71
Q

___ describes a structure close to the surface of the body

A

Superficial

72
Q

___ means away from the surface, toward the interior of the body

A

Deep

73
Q

Complete the sentence using the correct directional term:

The chin is ___ to the navel

A

superior (or cephalic)

74
Q

Complete the sentence using the correct directional term:

The nipple is ___ to the breastbone

A

lateral

75
Q

Complete the sentence using the correct directional term:

The spine is ___ to the breastbone

A

posterior (or dorsal)

76
Q

Complete the sentence using the correct directional term:

The wrist is ___ to the elbow

A

distal

77
Q

Complete the sentence using the correct directional term:

The elbow is ___ to the wrist

A

proximal

78
Q

Complete the sentence using the correct directional term:

The nose is __ to the ears

A

medial

79
Q

The head, neck, and trunk are from what region of the body?

A

Central region

80
Q

What are the divisions of the trunk?

A
  1. thorax
  2. abdomen
  3. pelvis
81
Q

The upper limb consists of what parts of the body?

A
  1. the arm
  2. the forearm
  3. the wrist
  4. the hand
82
Q

The lower limb consists of what parts of the body?

A
  1. the thigh
  2. the leg
  3. the ankle
  4. the foot
83
Q

The abdomen is subdivided superficially into quadrants by two imaginary lines that intersect at the navel. The quadrants formed are ____

A

right upper quadrant
right lower quadrant
left upper quadrant
left lower quadrant

84
Q

The abdomen is sometimes subdivided into regions by four imaginary lines creating a virtual “tic-tac-toe” grid, resulting in nine regions which are:

A
  1. epigastric
  2. right hypochondriac
  3. left hypochondriac
  4. umbilical
  5. right lumbar
  6. left lumbar
  7. hypogastric
  8. right iliac
  9. left iliac
85
Q

If there is pain caused by the appendix, the region this pain radiates from is the ___

A

right lower quadrant

86
Q

A patient in constipation will feel pain in the ___

A

left lower quadrant

87
Q

This plane separates the body into right and left halves

A

sagittal plane

88
Q

A ___ is a sagittal plane that passes through the midline of the body

A

median plane

89
Q

A _____ runs parallel to the ground, dividing the body into a front (anterior) and back (posterior) halves

A

frontal plane/coronal plane

90
Q

A _____ runs parallel to the ground, dividing the body into superior and inferior portions

A

transverse plane/horizontal plane

91
Q

If an organ cut is made across the length at other than a right angle, this is called an

A

oblique section

92
Q

A cut through the length of the organ is a ____

A

longitudinal section

93
Q

A cut at a right angle to the length of an organ is ____

A

transverse or cross-section

94
Q

forehead =

A

Frontal

95
Q

eye =

A

Orbital

96
Q

nose =

A

Nasal

97
Q

ear =

A

Autic

98
Q

cheek =

A

Buccal

99
Q

chin =

A

Mental

100
Q

mouth =

A

Oral

101
Q

collarbone =

A

Clavicular

102
Q

neck =

A

Cervical

103
Q

chest =

A

Pectoral

104
Q

breastbone =

A

Sternal

105
Q

breast =

A

Mammary

106
Q

armpit =

A

Axillary

107
Q

arm =

A

Brachial

108
Q

front of elbow =

A

Antecubital

109
Q

forearm =

A

Antebrachial

110
Q

wrist =

A

Carpal

111
Q

palm =

A

Palmar

112
Q

fingers =

A

Digital

113
Q

pelvis =

A

Pelvic

114
Q

abdomen =

A

Abdominal

115
Q

navel =

A

Umbilical

116
Q

groin =

A

Inguinal

117
Q

genital =

A

Pubic

118
Q

hip =

A

Coxal

119
Q

thigh =

A

Femoral

120
Q

kneecap =

A

Patellar

121
Q

leg =

A

Crural

122
Q

ankle =

A

Talus

123
Q

top of foot =

A

Dorsum

124
Q

toes =

A

Digital

125
Q

hand =

A

Manual

126
Q

foot =

A

Pedal

127
Q

thorax =

A

Thoracic

128
Q

base of skull =

A

Occipital

129
Q

back of neck =

A

Nuchal

130
Q

skull =

A

Cranial

131
Q

shoulder blade =

A

Scapular

132
Q

point of shoulder =

A

Acromial

133
Q

spinal column =

A

Vertebral

134
Q

point of elbow =

A

Olecranon

135
Q

lion =

A

Lumbar

136
Q

between hips =

A

Sacral

137
Q

buttock =

A

Gluteal

138
Q

perineum =

A

Perineal

139
Q

back of hand =

A

Dorsum

140
Q

hollow behind knees =

A

Popliteal

141
Q

calf =

A

Sural

142
Q

sole =

A

Plantar

143
Q

heel =

A

Calcaneal

144
Q

The 2 types of internal cavities in the body are:

A
  1. Dorsal body cavity

2. Ventral body cavity

145
Q

The 2 subdivisions of the dorsal body cavity are:

A
  1. Cranial cavity

2. Vertebral canal

146
Q

The ventral body cavity is subdivided into these cavities:

A
  1. Thoracic cavity
  2. Abdominal cavity
  3. Pelvic cavity
147
Q

The walls of the body cavities and the surface of internal organs are in contact with membranes called ____

A

Serous membranes

148
Q

The layer that lines the walls of the cavities is called the ____

A

Parietal serous membrane

149
Q

The layer covering the internal organs is the ____

A

Visceral serous membrane

150
Q

This cavity contains the heart and is housed in the mediastinum

A

Pericardial cavity

151
Q

In the pericardial cavity, the parietal serous membrane is called ___

A

Parietal pericardium

152
Q

In the pericardial cavity, the visceral serous membrane is called ___

A

Visceral pericardium

153
Q

In the pericardial cavity, the space between two pericardial membranes is called the ____ and is filled with ____

A

Pericardial cavity, pericardial fluid

154
Q

This thoracic cavity houses a lung

A

Pleural cavity

155
Q

In pleural cavities, the parietal serous membrane lining the pleural cavities is called ___

A

Parietal pleura

156
Q

In pleural cavities, the visceral serous membrane covering the lungs is called the ___

A

Visceral pleura

157
Q

In pleural cavities, the space between two pleural membranes is called the ____ and is filled with ____

A

Pleural cavity, Pleural fluid

158
Q

This cavity covers the abdominopelvic and houses many organs, such as the liver, the digestive organs, and reproductive organs

A

Peritoneal cavity

159
Q

In the peritoneal cavity, the parietal serous membrane is called the ___

A

Parietal peritoneum

160
Q

In the peritoneal cavity, the visceral serous membrane is called ___

A

Visceral peritoneum

161
Q

In the peritoneal cavity, the space between two serous membranes is the specific location of the peritoneal and is filled with ____

A

Peritoneal fluid

162
Q

Organs tightly adhered to the posterior body wall have a ____ location

ex. kidneys, ureters, adrenal glands, a large portion of the pancreas, parts of the large intestine, urinary bladder

A

Retroperitoneal

163
Q

___ is the inflammation of the pericardium

A

Pericarditis

164
Q

___ is the inflammation of the pleura

A

Pleurisy

165
Q

___ is the inflammation of the peritoneum

A

Peritonitis

BIO 370 (6 decks)

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