Chapter 1: Human Organism Flashcards
(165 cards)
1
Q
This includes the changes an organism undergoes through time, beginning with fertilization and ending at death
A
Development
2
Q
This organ system performs the mechanical and chemical processes of digestion, absorption of nutrients, and elimination of wastes
A
Digestive System
3
Q
The scientific discipline that studies the body’s structure
A
Anatomy
4
Q
The scientific investigation of the processes or functions of the body
A
Physiology
5
Q
The study of the cells
A
Cytology
5
Q
The study that examines the tissues
A
Histology
6
Q
A person is ____ when lying face upward
A
Supine
8
Q
This characteristic of life refers to an increase in size or number of cells, which produces an overall enlargement of all or part of an organism
A
Growth
9
Q
This level of anatomy studies the structural changes that occur between conception and adulthood
A
Developmental Anatomy
10
Q
A subspecialty of developmental anatomy that considers changes from conception to the end of the eighth week of development
A
Embryology
11
Q
The two approaches of gross anatomy or macroscopic anatomy
A
Systemically and Regionally
12
Q
A ___ is a group of structures that have one or more common functions
A
system
13
Q
In this type of anatomy, the body is studied system by system
A
Systemic Anatomy
14
Q
In this type of anatomy, the body is studied area by area
A
Regional Anatomy
15
Q
This involves looking at the exterior of the body to visualize structures deeper inside the body
A
Surface Anatomy
16
Q
The use of radiographs (x-rays), ultrasound, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and other technologies to create pictures of internal structures
A
Anatomical Imaging
17
Q
These are physical characteristics that differ from the normal pattern
A
Anatomical Anomalies
18
Q
This type of physiology examines the processes occurring in cells such as energy production from food
A
Cell Physiology
19
Q
The medical science dealing with all aspects of disease
A
Pathology
20
Q
This type of physiology focuses on the changes in function and structure caused by exercise
A
Exercise Physiology
21
Q
What are the 6 Levels of Organization?
A
- Chemical level
- Cell level
- Tissue level
- Organ level
- Organ system level
- Organism level
22
Q
What is the 1st level of organization?
A
Chemical level
23
Q
What is the 2nd level of organization?
A
Cell level
24
Q
What is the 3rd level of organization?
A
Tissue level
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What is the 4th level of organization?
Organ level
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What is the 5th level of organization?
Organ system level
27
What is the 6th level of organization?
Organism level
28
What are the 6 Characteristics of Life?
1. Organization
2. Metabolism
3. Responsiveness
4. Growth
5. Development
6. Reproduction
29
This characteristic of life refers to the specific interrelationships among the parts if an organism and how those parts interact to perform specific functions
Organization
30
This is the ability to use energy and to perform vital functions
Metabolism
31
This refers to all of the chemical reactions taking place in the cells and internal environment of an organism
Metabolism
32
This characteristic of life is an organism's ability to sense changes in its external or internal environment
Responsiveness
33
What are the 11 body systems?
1. Integumentary
2. Skeletal
3. Muscular
4. Nervous
5. Endocrine
6. Cardiovascular
7. Lymphatic
8. Respiratory
9. Digestive
10. Urinary
11. Reproductive
34
It involves changes in a cell's structure and function from an immature, generalized state to a mature, specialized state
Differentiation
35
This is the change in shape of tissues, organs, and the entire organism
Morphogenesis
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This is the formation of new cells or new organisms
Reproduction
37
This body system provides protection, regulates temperature, prevents water loss, and helps produce Vitamin D
Integumentary System
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This body system provides protection and support, allows body movements, produces blood cells, and stores minerals and adipose
Skeletal System
39
This body system produces body movements, maintains posture, and produces body heat
Muscular System
40
A major regulatory system that detects sensations and controls movements, physiological processes, and intellectual functions
Nervous System
41
A major regulatory system that influences metabolism, growth, reproduction, and many other functions
Endocrine System
42
A major regulatory system that transports nutrients, waste products, gases, and hormones throughout the body; plays a role in the immune response and the regulation of the body temperature
Cardiovascular System
43
What are the 3 Components of the Cardiovascular System?
1. Heart
2. Blood
3. Blood vessels (veins, arteries)
44
This body system removes foreign substances from the blood and lymph, combats disease, maintains tissue, and fluid balance, and absorbs dietary fats from the digestive tract
Lymphatic System or Immune System
45
The Lymphatic System is also known as the ____
Immune System
46
This regulatory system is responsible for exchanges in oxygen and carbon dioxide between the blood and air and regulates blood pH
Respiratory System
47
This system removes waste products from the blood and regulates blood pH, ion balance, and water balance
Urinary System
48
The system responsible for producing hormones that influence sexual function and behaviors
Reproductive System
49
The existence and maintenance of a balanced environment within the body
Homeostasis
50
A disturbance in homeostasis, resulting in disease and possibly death
Homeostatic Imbalance
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Changes in our environmental conditions, such as hot or cold outdoor temperatures, are called ___ because their values are not constant
Variables
52
Ideal normal body value in homeostasis is called ___
Setpoint
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In the negative feedback in homeostasis, negative is ___ and means "____"
good, "to decrease"
54
This is when any deviation from the set point is made smaller or is resisted
Negative Feedback
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What are the 3 components of the negative feedback mechanism?
1. Receptor
2. Control Center
3. Effector
56
A changed variable in homeostasis is called ___
Stimulus
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This occurs when a response to the original stimulus results in the deviation from the set point becoming even greater
Positive feedback
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Positive feedback is ___ and means "___"
bad, "to increase"
59
A chemical responsible for blood clot formation
Thrombin
60
This refects to a person standing erect with the face directed forward, the upper limbs hanging to the sides, and the palms of the hands facing forward
Anatomical Position
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A person is ___ when lying face upward
Supine
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A person is ___ when lying face downward
Prone
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In directional terms, superior means ____ and is interchangeable with the term ____
"above", Cephalic
64
In directional terms, inferior means ____ and is interchangeable with the term ____
"below", Caudal
65
In directional terms, anterior means ___ and is synonymous with the term ____ which means ___
"In front of", ventral, "belly"
66
In directional terms, posterior means ___ and is synonymous with the term ____ which means ___
"behind", dorsal, "back"
67
Proximal means ___
"close to"
68
Distal means ___
"far from"
69
Medial means ____
"toward the midline"
70
Lateral means ____
"away from the midline"
71
___ describes a structure close to the surface of the body
Superficial
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___ means away from the surface, toward the interior of the body
Deep
73
Complete the sentence using the correct directional term:
The chin is ___ to the navel
superior (or cephalic)
74
Complete the sentence using the correct directional term:
The nipple is ___ to the breastbone
lateral
75
Complete the sentence using the correct directional term:
The spine is ___ to the breastbone
posterior (or dorsal)
76
Complete the sentence using the correct directional term:
The wrist is ___ to the elbow
distal
77
Complete the sentence using the correct directional term:
The elbow is ___ to the wrist
proximal
78
Complete the sentence using the correct directional term:
The nose is __ to the ears
medial
79
The head, neck, and trunk are from what region of the body?
Central region
80
What are the divisions of the trunk?
1. thorax
2. abdomen
3. pelvis
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The upper limb consists of what parts of the body?
1. the arm
2. the forearm
3. the wrist
4. the hand
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The lower limb consists of what parts of the body?
1. the thigh
2. the leg
3. the ankle
4. the foot
83
The abdomen is subdivided superficially into quadrants by two imaginary lines that intersect at the navel. The quadrants formed are ____
right upper quadrant
right lower quadrant
left upper quadrant
left lower quadrant
84
The abdomen is sometimes subdivided into regions by four imaginary lines creating a virtual "tic-tac-toe" grid, resulting in nine regions which are:
1. epigastric
2. right hypochondriac
3. left hypochondriac
4. umbilical
5. right lumbar
6. left lumbar
7. hypogastric
8. right iliac
9. left iliac
85
If there is pain caused by the appendix, the region this pain radiates from is the ___
right lower quadrant
86
A patient in constipation will feel pain in the ___
left lower quadrant
87
This plane separates the body into right and left halves
sagittal plane
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A ___ is a sagittal plane that passes through the midline of the body
median plane
89
A _____ runs parallel to the ground, dividing the body into a front (anterior) and back (posterior) halves
frontal plane/coronal plane
90
A _____ runs parallel to the ground, dividing the body into superior and inferior portions
transverse plane/horizontal plane
91
If an organ cut is made across the length at other than a right angle, this is called an
oblique section
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A cut through the length of the organ is a ____
longitudinal section
93
A cut at a right angle to the length of an organ is ____
transverse or cross-section
94
forehead =
Frontal
95
eye =
Orbital
96
nose =
Nasal
97
ear =
Autic
98
cheek =
Buccal
99
chin =
Mental
100
mouth =
Oral
101
collarbone =
Clavicular
102
neck =
Cervical
103
chest =
Pectoral
104
breastbone =
Sternal
105
breast =
Mammary
106
armpit =
Axillary
107
arm =
Brachial
108
front of elbow =
Antecubital
109
forearm =
Antebrachial
110
wrist =
Carpal
111
palm =
Palmar
112
fingers =
Digital
113
pelvis =
Pelvic
114
abdomen =
Abdominal
115
navel =
Umbilical
116
groin =
Inguinal
117
genital =
Pubic
118
hip =
Coxal
119
thigh =
Femoral
120
kneecap =
Patellar
121
leg =
Crural
122
ankle =
Talus
123
top of foot =
Dorsum
124
toes =
Digital
125
hand =
Manual
126
foot =
Pedal
127
thorax =
Thoracic
128
base of skull =
Occipital
129
back of neck =
Nuchal
130
skull =
Cranial
131
shoulder blade =
Scapular
132
point of shoulder =
Acromial
133
spinal column =
Vertebral
134
point of elbow =
Olecranon
135
lion =
Lumbar
136
between hips =
Sacral
137
buttock =
Gluteal
138
perineum =
Perineal
139
back of hand =
Dorsum
140
hollow behind knees =
Popliteal
141
calf =
Sural
142
sole =
Plantar
143
heel =
Calcaneal
144
The 2 types of internal cavities in the body are:
1. Dorsal body cavity
| 2. Ventral body cavity
145
The 2 subdivisions of the dorsal body cavity are:
1. Cranial cavity
| 2. Vertebral canal
146
The ventral body cavity is subdivided into these cavities:
1. Thoracic cavity
2. Abdominal cavity
3. Pelvic cavity
147
The walls of the body cavities and the surface of internal organs are in contact with membranes called ____
Serous membranes
148
The layer that lines the walls of the cavities is called the ____
Parietal serous membrane
149
The layer covering the internal organs is the ____
Visceral serous membrane
150
This cavity contains the heart and is housed in the mediastinum
Pericardial cavity
151
In the pericardial cavity, the parietal serous membrane is called ___
Parietal pericardium
152
In the pericardial cavity, the visceral serous membrane is called ___
Visceral pericardium
153
In the pericardial cavity, the space between two pericardial membranes is called the ____ and is filled with ____
Pericardial cavity, pericardial fluid
154
This thoracic cavity houses a lung
Pleural cavity
155
In pleural cavities, the parietal serous membrane lining the pleural cavities is called ___
Parietal pleura
156
In pleural cavities, the visceral serous membrane covering the lungs is called the ___
Visceral pleura
157
In pleural cavities, the space between two pleural membranes is called the ____ and is filled with ____
Pleural cavity, Pleural fluid
158
This cavity covers the abdominopelvic and houses many organs, such as the liver, the digestive organs, and reproductive organs
Peritoneal cavity
159
In the peritoneal cavity, the parietal serous membrane is called the ___
Parietal peritoneum
160
In the peritoneal cavity, the visceral serous membrane is called ___
Visceral peritoneum
161
In the peritoneal cavity, the space between two serous membranes is the specific location of the peritoneal and is filled with ____
Peritoneal fluid
162
Organs tightly adhered to the posterior body wall have a ____ location
ex. kidneys, ureters, adrenal glands, a large portion of the pancreas, parts of the large intestine, urinary bladder
Retroperitoneal
163
___ is the inflammation of the pericardium
Pericarditis
164
___ is the inflammation of the pleura
Pleurisy
165
___ is the inflammation of the peritoneum
Peritonitis
