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BIO 370 > Chapter 2: Chemistry > Flashcards

Chapter 2: Chemistry Flashcards

1
Q

___ is the amount of matter in an object

A

Mass

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2
Q

___ is the gravitational force acting on an object of a given mass

A

Weight

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3
Q

This is the simplest type of matter, having a unique chemical property

A

Element

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4
Q

___ is the smallest particle of an element that has chemical characteristics of that element

A

Atom

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5
Q

3 Major subatomic particles of an atom:

A
  1. Proton (+)
  2. Neutron
  3. Electron (-)
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6
Q

This element is highest in the body by the number of atoms

A

Hydrogen (63.0)

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7
Q

This element is highest in the body by weight

A

Oxygen (65.0)

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8
Q

This subatomic particle of an atom has no charge

A

Neutron

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9
Q

This subatomic particle of an atom has a one positive charge

A

Proton

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10
Q

This subatomic particle of an atom has one negative charge

A

Electron

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11
Q

The ___ of an element is equal to the number of protons in each atom, this is also the number of electrons.

A

Atomic number

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12
Q

The ___ is the number of protons plus the number of neutrons in each atom

A

Mass number

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13
Q

___ are two or more forms of the same element that have the same number of protons and electrons but a different number of neutrons

A

Isotopes

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14
Q

Positively charged ions are called

A

Cations

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15
Q

Negatively charged ions are called

A

Anions

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16
Q

This forms when electors are transferred between atoms, creating oppositely charged ions

A

Ionic Bond

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17
Q

Symbol for Calcium

A

Ca2+

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18
Q

Sodium

A

Na+

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19
Q

Potassium

A

K+

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20
Q

Hydrogen

A

H+

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21
Q

Hydroxide

A

OH-

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22
Q

Chloride

A

Cl-

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23
Q

Bicarbonate

A

HCO3-

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24
Q

Ammonium

A

NH4+

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25
Q

Phosphate

A

PO43-

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26
Q

Iron

A

Fe2+

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27
Q

Magnesium

A

Mg2+

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28
Q

Iodide

A

I-

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29
Q

This bond forms when atoms share one or more pairs of electrons

A

Covalent Bond

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30
Q

This type of covalent bond refers to equal sharing of electrons between atoms

A

Nonpolar covalent bond

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31
Q

This type of covalent bond refers to the unequal sharing of electrons or when two atoms have different electronegativities

A

Polar covalent bond

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32
Q

A ___ is composed of two or more atoms chemically combined to form a structure that behaves as an independent unit

A

Molecule

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33
Q

A ___ is a substance resulting from the chemical combination of two or more different types of atoms

A

Compound

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34
Q

This is determined by adding up the atomic masses of its atoms

A

Molecular mass

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35
Q

___ are the weak electrostatic attractions that exist between oppositely charged parts of molecules

A

Intermolecular mass

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36
Q

This intermolecular bond is formed from the attraction of oppositely charged ends of one polar molecule to another polar molecule.

A

Hydrogen bond

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37
Q

This chemical bond can be broken by water

A

Ionic bond

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38
Q

This chemical bond is the strongest bonds

A

Covalent bonds

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39
Q

This is the weakest chemical bond

A

Hydrogen bond

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40
Q

This is the ability of one substance to dissolve in another (for example - sugar dissolving in water)

A

Solubility

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41
Q

This part in a solution is the liquid that dissolves the solid

A

Solvent

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42
Q

This part of a solution is the solid being dissolved in the liquid

A

Solute

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43
Q

Cations and anions that dissociate in water are sometimes called ___ because they have the capacity to conduct an electric current

A

Electrolyte

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44
Q

This occurs when atoms, ions, molecules, or compounds interact either to form or break chemical bonds

A

Chemical reaction

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45
Q

The substances that enter into a chemical reaction are called __

A

reactants

46
Q

The substances that result from the chemical reactions are called ___

A

products

47
Q

A ___ is when two or more reactants chemically combine to form a new and larger product (build up, simple to complex)

A

Synthesis Reaction (anabolic)

48
Q

A ___ is the reverse of a synthesis reaction - a larger reactant is chemically broken down into smaller products

A

Decomposition (catabolic)

49
Q

Chemical reactions that result from the exchange of electrons between the reactants are called ___

A

Oxidation-Reduction Reactions

50
Q

This reaction is the loss of an electron by an atom

A

Oxidation (OIL)

51
Q

This reaction is the gain of an electron

A

Reduction (RIG)

52
Q

___ is the capacity to do work. It has no mass, does not occupy shape, and is neither created nor destroyed

A

Energy

53
Q

__ is stored energy that could do work but is not doing so

A

Potential Energy

54
Q

___ is the form of energy that is actually doing work and moving matter

A

Kinetic energy

55
Q

___ energy is the result of the position or movement of objects

A

Mechanical energy

56
Q

This is a form of potential energy stored within the chemical bonds of a substance

A

Chemical energy

57
Q

This is a form of energy that flows from a hotter object to a cooler object

A

Heat energy

58
Q

__ is the minimum amount of energy that the reactants must have to start a chemical reaction

A

Activation energy

59
Q

These are substances that increase the rate of chemical reactions

A

Catalysts

60
Q

These are proteins that act as catalysts

A

Enzymes

61
Q

This type of chemistry generally deals with substances that DO NOT contain Carbon coming from nonliving things

A

Inorganic chemistry

ex. Salt, Water

62
Q

This is the study of carbon-containing substances and the C–H bond (Carbon + Hydrogen)

A

Organic chemistry

63
Q

Molecules attracted to water are called

A

Hydrophilic (water-loving)

64
Q

Molecules that lack attraction to water are called

A

Hydrophobic (water-fearing)

65
Q

__ is a combination of two or more substances physically blended together but not chemically combined

A

Mixture

ex. smog - smoke and fog, mud - dirt and water, cement - gravel and sand and water

66
Q

__ is any mixture in which the substances are uniformly distributed

A

Solution

ex. coffee, tea, dishwater

67
Q

__ is a mixture containing materials that separate from each other unless they are continually, physically blended together

A

Suspension

ex. muddy water, flour in water

68
Q

__ is a mixture in which dispersed substance or particle is unevenly distributed throughout the mixture

A

Colloid

69
Q

A ___ is defined as a proton donor

A

Acid

70
Q

An acid can be identified by these two:

A
  • High hydrogen ion (H+)

- 0-6 pH

71
Q

A ___ is defined as a proton acceptor

A

Base / Alkaline

72
Q

A base can be identified with:

A
  • High sodium hydroxide (OH-)

- 8-14 pH

73
Q

This is a means of referring to the H+ concentration in a solution

A

pH scale

74
Q

These are chemicals that resist changes in the pH when either acids or bases are added to a solution

A

Buffers

75
Q

Inorganic chemistry:

A

Water
Salt
Acids and Bases
Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide

76
Q

4 major groups of organic molecules essential to living organisms:

A
  1. Carbohydrates
  2. Lipids
  3. Proteins
  4. Nucleic acids
77
Q

PLANC

A 
Proteins
Lipids
Adenosine Triphosphate
Nucleic Acids
Carbohydrates
78
Q

__ are organic molecules composed primarily of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms and range in size from small to very large

A

Carbohydrates

79
Q

3 types of Carbohydrates:

A

Monosaccharides
Disaccharides
Polysaccharides

80
Q

This type of carbohydrate are large and composed of numerous, relatively simple building blocks called

A

Monosaccharides

81
Q

Common 6-carbon sugars like glucose, fructose. and galactose are ___

A

isomers

82
Q

__ are composed of two monosaccharides bound together through a dehydration reaction

A

Disaccharides

ex. lactose

83
Q

__ are long chains of monosaccharides

A

Polysaccharides

ex. Glycogen, Starch, Cellulose

84
Q

__, or animal starch, is a multi-branched polysaccharide composed of many glucose molecules. This is the main storage form of glucose in humans

A

Glycogen

85
Q

__ and __ are two important polysaccharides found in plants

A

Starch and cellulose

86
Q

__ are a major group of organic molecules that defined as being relatively insoluble in water

A

Lipids

87
Q

__ are a major type of lipid

A

Fats

88
Q

These constitute 95% of the fats in the human body

A

Triglycerides

89
Q

Triglycerides consist of two different types of building blocks, namely __

A

Glycerol and fatty acid

90
Q

__ is a 3-carbon molecule with a hydroxyl group attached to each carbon atom

A

Glycerol

91
Q

A fatty acid is __ if it contains only one single covalent bond

A

saturated

Saturated fats: beef, pork, whole milk, eggs, butter, cheese

92
Q

The carbon chain is __ if it has one of more double covalent bonds

A

unsaturated

93
Q

___ such as olive and peanut oils have one double covalent bond between carbon atoms

A

Monounsaturated fats

94
Q

__, such as safflower, sunflower, corn, and fish oils, have two or more double covalent bonds

A

Polyunsaturated fats

95
Q

__ are the best type of fats in the diet

A

Unsaturated

96
Q

__ are unsaturated fats that have been chemically altered by the addition of hydrogen

A

Trans fats

97
Q

__ are similar to Triglycerides, except that one of the fatty acids bound to the glycerol is replaced by a phosphate-containing region

A

Phospholipids

98
Q

__ are lipids that have four ringlike structures

A

Steroids

Important steroid molecules:

  1. cholesterol
  2. bile salts, which increase fat absorption in the intestines
  3. reproductive hormones estrogen, progesterone, testosterone
99
Q

__ is an especially important steroid because other steroid molecules are synthesized from it

A

Cholesterol

100
Q

Fat-soluble vitamins _, _, _, _ are another class of lipids

A

A, D, E, K

101
Q

Covalent bonds formed between amino acid molecules during protein synthesis are called __

A

Peptide bonds

102
Q

The __ of a protein is determined by the sequence of the amino acids bound by the peptide bonds

A

primary structure

103
Q

A __ is a protein catalyst that increases the rate at which a chemical reaction proceeds without the enzyme being permanently changed

A

Enzymes

104
Q

The ___ is the region of the enzyme that binds reactants and catalyzes their conversion to products.

A

Activation site

105
Q

According to the ___ of enzyme action, a reaction occurs when the reactants bind to the active site on the enzyme.

A

lock and key model

106
Q

The view of enzymes and reactants as rigid structures fitting together has been modified by what other model?

A

induced fit model

107
Q

DNA stands for

A

Deoxyribonucleic acid

108
Q

RNA stands for

A

Ribonucleic acid

109
Q

Nucleotides in a DNA

A

Adenine - Thymine

Guanine - Cytosine

110
Q

___ is the most important molecule for storing and providing energy in all living organisms

A

ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate)

BIO 370 (6 decks)

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