Chapter 1 - Intro

Question 1

hereditary genetics

Answer 1

• observing phenotypes in offspring to understand gene inheritance
• tracing pedigrees of gene transmission within a family

Question 2

population genetics

Answer 2

calculating allele frequencies to determine changes in gene pools

Question 3

molecular genetics

Answer 3

• generating plasmids from recombinant DNA

- studying DNA-protien interactions to understand gene regulation

Question 4

Chargaff’s discoveries about base pair of DNA

Answer 4

• DNA molecules contain similar numbers of A and T bases and G and C
• proportions of A:T and G:C are similar within members of the same species
• complementary base pairs

Question 5

Watson and Crick findings from x-ray image of DNA

Answer 5

DNA is shaped like a helix, includes 10 base pairs per repeat, and has a consistent diameter

Question 6

central dogma of biology

Answer 6

DNA is transcribed into RNA. RNA is translated into an amino acid sequence

Question 7

Initiation (first step of transcription)

Answer 7

1. RNA poly binds to group of transcription factors
2. DNA helix unwinds
3. RNA synthesis begins

Question 8

Elongation (second step of transcription)

Answer 8

1. DNA poly transverses the DNA template, adding complementary base pairs
2. newly transcribed RNA transcript is proofread

Question 9

termination (third step of transcription)

Answer 9

1. RNA poly detaches from DNA
2. RNA poly stops adding base pairs at a stop codon
3. RNA transcript is released

Question 10

transcription

Answer 10

takes place in the nucleus and produces mRNA

Question 11

translation

Answer 11

takes place in ribosomes, produces a protein, and involves tRNA

Question 12

characteristics required for heredity

Answer 12

1. stable enough to store info for long periods
2. able to replicate accurately
3. capable of change to allow evolution

Question 13

semiconservative replication

Answer 13

creates 2 new duplexes, one parental strand and one daughter strand

Question 14

mRNA

Answer 14

• transcribed from DNA
• codons complement DNA
• simple strand
• broken down after translation

Question 15

tRNA

Answer 15

• used to translate mRNA
• anticodons complement mRNA
• clover-shaped look structure
• reactivate after translation

Question 16

transmission genetics

Answer 16

study of transmission of trains in successive generations

Question 17

evolutionary genetics

Answer 17

study of the origins of and genetic relationships between organisms, and evolution of genes and genomes

Question 18

molecular genetics

Answer 18

studies inheritance and variation of nucleic acids and proteins

Question 19

natural selection

Answer 19

differential reproductive success of members of a species, and forms that are best adapted will increase in a poplation

Question 20

migration

Answer 20

movement of members of a species from one population to another that rapidly alters allele frequencies

Question 21

mutation

Answer 21

the slow addition of allelic variants that increase the diversity of a population

Question 22

random genetic drift

Answer 22

random change of allele frequencies due to chance in rapidly mating populations