Chapter 1: Intro

Question 1

Immunity

Answer 1

State protection against foreign pathogens

Question 2

Immune system

Answer 2

Collection of cells, tissues, and molecules which provide specific and non-specific protection against microbes, their toxins, and tumor cells

Question 3

Pathogen

Answer 3

Microbe capable of causing disease

Question 4

Infection

Answer 4

Ability of pathogen to enter host, multiply

Question 5

Immunogen

Answer 5

Any substance that elicits an immune response

Question 6

Epitope (determinant)

Answer 6

the part of an antigen that is specifically recognized by individual lymphocytes

Question 7

Antigen

Answer 7

Any molecule that binds to immunoglobulin or a T cell receptor regardless of its ability to stimulate an immune response

Question 8

Antibody (AB)

Answer 8

A type of glycoproteins (immunoglobulin) produced by B lymphocytes that binds antigen

Question 9

Vaccine

Answer 9

A preparation of microbial antigen which is given to an individual to induce protective immunity

Question 10

Immunoglobulin

Answer 10

Fraction of serum responsible for toxin neutralization/ precipitation (active molecules within are antibodies)

Question 11

Antiserum

Answer 11

Blood serum that contains antibodies against a pathogen. Also includes antivenoms

Question 12

Passive Immunity

Answer 12

Immune protection without having to produce antibodies
Natural: infants from mother
Unnatural: Antiserum injection after infection exposure

Question 13

Active Immunity

Answer 13

Renewable long-lived protection from a specific infectious organism
Natural: after successfully fighting off many types of infection
Synthetic: Vaccines

Question 14

T-lymphocytes

Answer 14

Cell-mediated immunity: develop and mature in the thymus

Question 15

B-lymphocytes

Answer 15

Humoral immunity (produce antibodies) mature in the bone marrow

Question 16

Cell-Mediated Immunity

Answer 16

Work of pathogen specific T-cells to directly eradicate infected cells and to aid in activating other immune cells

Question 17

Clonal Selection

Answer 17

The receptor type of a B or T cell is selected before it comes in contact with antigen (highly random mutation). If its viable AND comes in contact with its matching antigen, it is ‘activated’ and will proliferate

Question 18

Pathogen-Associated Molecular Patterns (PAMPs)

Answer 18

Common foreign structures that characterize whole groups of pathogens

Question 19

Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs)

Answer 19

Expressed by white blood cells and specifically recognize common foreign structures (PAMPs) and help to activate innate immunity

Question 20

Tolerance:

Answer 20

Ability of immune response to discriminate self from non-self. Failure to do so can lead to autoimmunity

Question 21

Danger/ damage model of tolerance:

Answer 21

Seeing “other” without a ‘danger signal’ may not trigger immune response, while seeing ‘self’ WITH danger signals/ in the wrong context can break tolerance and trigger an immune response

Question 22

Innate Immunity

Answer 22

Rapid recognition and phagocytosis/ pathogen destruction. Fast and non-specific

Question 23

Complement

Answer 23

Pre-existing serum proteins to bind to PAMP structures and start immune cascade

Question 24

Adaptive Immunity

Answer 24

More specific, but slower. uses B/T lymphocytes (takes 5-6 days after initial exposure to be up and running) Has memory, and is Immunity that is supported by vaccination

Question 25

Sentinel cells

Answer 25

WBC which reside in specific tissues and act as local alarm systems and first responders.

Question 26

Primary immunodeficiency

Answer 26

Caused by inherited genetic factors

Question 27

Secondary immunodeficiency

Answer 27

Caused by disruption/ damage due to chemical, physical, or biological agents (starvation, HIV infection, cancer/ chemotherapy etc.)

Question 28

Severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID)

Answer 28

Affects B/T cells, wiping out adaptive immunity. Will cause early death by infection if not treated with a bone marrow transplant

Question 29

Dysbiosis (Gut Microbiome)

Answer 29

Causes immune overstimulation, leading to inflammation (gut barrier permeability, Gut-Brain-Immune system dysregulation) can lead to metabolic disruptions (T2D), Chronic inflammation (IBD), and neurological impacts (mood disorders)

Question 30

Properties of adaptive immune response; specificity

Answer 30

Ensures that distinct antigens elicit specific responses

Question 31

Properties of adaptive immune response; diversity

Answer 31

Enables immune system to respond to a large variety of antigens

Question 32

Properties of adaptive immune response; memory

Answer 32

Leads to enhanced responses to repeated exposures to the same antigens

Question 33

Properties of adaptive immune response; clonal expansion

Answer 33

Increases number of antigen-specific lymphocytes from a small number of naïve lymphocytes

Question 34

Properties of adaptive immune response; specialization

Answer 34

Generates responses that are optimal for defense against different types of microbes

Question 35

Properties of adaptive immune response; contraction and homeostasis

Answer 35

Allows immune system to recover from one response so that it can effectively respond to newly encountered antigens

Question 36

Properties of adaptive immune response; nonreactivity to self

Answer 36

Prevents injury to the host during responses to foreign antigens

Question 37

Properties of adaptive immune response; immunological tolerance

Answer 37

Ability of the immune system to coexist with self-antigens. Ensures immune system avoids destroying host tissue