Chapter 1: Intro To A&P

Question 1

The Seven Characteristics of Living Organisms

Answer 1

1.) Cellular composition

2.) Metabolism:

All the chemical processes an organism undertakes to sustain itself.

3.) Growth

4.) Excretion

5.) Responsiveness

6.) Movement

7.) Reproduction:

Individual cell reproduction & offspring

Question 2

Anabolism & Catabolism

Answer 2

Anabolism:

Smaller chemicals are combined to form larger ones.

Catabolism:

Larger chemicals are broken down into smaller ones.

Question 3

Structural Levels of Organization:

The 6 levels (smallest to largest)

Answer 3

1.) Chemical: atoms & molecules

2.) Cellular: groups of molecules

3.) Tissue: groups of similar cells and the materials outside of them

4.) Organ: two or more tissue types come together to form an organ that has a specific size and fx.

5.) Organ system: two or more organs that carry out a broad fx. (ie-Cardio: heart & blood vessels)

6.) Organism: the whole human body

Question 4

Organ Systems of the Human Body:

There are 11

Answer 4

1.) Integumentary:

Skin, Hair, Nails
Protects
Produces VitaminD
Retains h2o
Regulates body temp

2.) Skeletal

Protects
Provides leverage for mvmt.
Produces blood cells
Stores calcium salts

3.) Muscular

Movement & heat regulation

4.) Nervous

Provides sensory, motor & integrative fx.

5.) Endocrine

Regulates body fx through the use
of glands, hormones & receptor cells

6.) Cardiovascular

7.) Respiratory

o2 & co2 exchange
maintains the acid-base balance of the blood

8.) Lymphatic

Returns excessive fluid to the cardio system.
Provides immunity

9.) Digestive

Maintains fluid, electrolyte & acid-base balance.

10.) Urinary

Stimulates blood cell production
Removes metabolic waste
Maintains fluid, electrolyte & acid-base balance.

11.) Reproductive

Question 5

Systemic Anatomy

Answer 5

Study of individual organ systems

Question 6

Regional Anatomy

Answer 6

Parts of the body (back, head, etc)

Question 7

Surface Anatomy

Answer 7

Study of the surface markings of the body

Question 8

Gross Anatomy

Answer 8

Study of structures that can be seen by the unaided eye.

Question 9

Microscopic Anatomy

Answer 9

Study of structures that are seen under a microscope (histology, cytology)

Question 10

Synonym for Superior

Answer 10

Cranial

Question 11

Synonym for Inferior

Answer 11

Caudal

(Cranial & Caudal are used only for head/neck/torso)

Question 12

Proximal & Distal: the referenced points of origin

Answer 12

The points of origin are the shoulder joint & the hip joint. Proximal and Distal describe locations on the upper & lower limbs.

Question 13

The 9 regions of the abdominopelvic cavity

Answer 13

From anatomical R to L:

Right Hypochondriac region
Epigastric region
Left Hypochondriac region

Right Lumbar region
Umbilical region
Left Lumbar region

Right Iliac region (aka inguinal)
Hypogastric region
Left Iliac region (aka inguinal)

Question 14

Serous Membranes: visceral vs parietal layer

Answer 14

Visceral layer:

the surface of the membrane that touches the organ

Parietal layer:

the outer part of the membrane that rubs against the rest of the body

Question 15

Peritoneal cavity: intraperitoneal vs retroperitoneal

Answer 15

Intra:

organs located w/i the peritoneal membrane

Retroperitoneal:

Organs located posteriorly and outside the peritoneal membrane

Question 16

Homeostasis: regulated & controlled variables

Answer 16

Homeostasis process:

If one of the body’s regulated variables shifts too far from it’s normal limits, then controlled variables, INCREASE or DECREASE their activity to return it to normal.

Via: Receptors—Control Center (brain/endocrine gland)—Effectors (cells or organs that cause a physiological response)

Regulated variables:

Things that must be regulated like blood sugar to maintain homeostasis.

Controlled variables:

The processes by which regulates variables are controlled.

Question 17

Core Principle 1:

Feedback Loops: Negative and Positive

Answer 17

Negative Feedback Loops:

Most common. A change in a regulated variable in one direction, results in actions that cause changes in the variable in the opposite direction. (Ie-body temp regulation)

Positive Feedback Loops:

Often found as part of a Negative Loop.

A change in a regulated variable in one direction, results in actions that cause changes in the variable in the SAME direction (ie- the clotting response, contractions in childbirth).

Question 18

Core Principle 2:

Principle of Complementarity Structure and Function

Answer 18

Structure and Function are related at all levels of Organization.

Form follows function (an object’s form supports its function)

Question 19

Core Principle 3:

Gradients drive many physiological processes: 3 types

Answer 19

Temperature

Concentration

Pressure

Question 20

Core Principle 4:

Cell to cell communication is required to coordinate bodily fx: two types

Answer 20

Nerve cells to muscle cells

Endocrine cells communicate with distant body cells via hormones