Chapter 2.3: Organic Compounds

Question 1

Organic Compounds

Answer 1

Chemicals produced by living organisms.

Much larger & complex than inorganic.

Has a CARBON-HYDROGEN BACKBONE, with the addition of groups of atoms called functional groups.

Question 2

Hydrocarbons

Answer 2

Organic compounds that contain only hydrogen & carbon.

Can exist as CHAINS or RINGS

Carbon is in the middle if the chain, or the center of the ring.

Question 3

Monomers & Polymers

Answer 3

Single subunits that can be combined to build larger structures.

Larger structures consisting of many monomers.

Question 4

Dehydration Synthesis

Answer 4

Polymers that are built by an ANABOLIC REACTION, in which two monomers are linked by a COVALENT BOND.

The products of dehydration synthesis are a polymer compound and a molecule of h2o.

Question 5

Hydrolysis

Answer 5

A CATABOLIC PROCESS in which a molecule of h2o is added to the polymer, the atoms in the h2o molecule split apart, and the covalent bonds between monomers are broken.

Question 6

Carbohydrates

Answer 6

Only accounts for 1% of the body’s mass and have few structural roles.

Monomers of carbohydrates are composed of:

Carbon: 1
Hydrogen: 2
Oxygen: 1

=Two hydrogen atoms for every carbon & oxygen atom

*Because carbs contain several -OH (hydroxyl groups), the compounds are POLAR & HYDROPHILIC.

Question 7

Monosaccharide

Answer 7

The monomer of Carbohydrates.

Has 3 to 7 carbon atoms

Generally RING STRUCTURE

Majority in body have:

5 carbons: pentoses

6 carbons: hexoses

Question 8

The primary pentose sugars

Answer 8

Ribose: c5-h10-o5 (2:1 ratio)

Deoxyribose: c5-h10-o4

(loss of one oxygen, so deoxy)

Question 9

Primary hexose sugar

Answer 9

Glucose: c6-h12-o6

Question 10

Two other major hexoses

Answer 10

Isomers of glucose:

same molecular formula, but DIFFERENT STRUCTURE.

Fructose: c6-h12-o6

Galactose: c6-h12-o6

Question 11

Disaccharide

Answer 11

A compound w/ two monosaccharides joined by a POLAR covalent bond.

Formed by dehydration synthesis:

Glucose (remove -OH)+ Fructose (remove H) = Sucrose

Can be broken down into monosaccharides by hydrolysis.

Question 12

Polysaccaharides

Answer 12

Polymers composed of long, branching chains of monosaccharides.

The monosaccharides are joined by covalent bonds formed by dehydration synthesis.

*Polysaccharides are not very soluble in h2o, even-though they are composed of polar/ hydrophilic monomers. -Mostly due to size b/c large compounds are difficult for h2o molecules to separate from one another, regardless of polarity

Question 13

Glycogen

Answer 13

The polysaccharide storage form of glucose, found in the liver & skeletal muscles.

Ideal b/c complex str. and low-solubility enhances storage ability.

Branched ends allow enzymes many ends from which to catalyze hydrolysis reactions, so blood glucose can be increased quickly.

Exhausted in about 2hrs. before the liver & muscles need new glucose molecules.

Question 14

Glycoproteins & Glycolipids

Answer 14

Carbs that are attached to proteins & lipids by covalent bonds.

They help maintain cell structural integrity & enable cells to recognize & communicate (Cell-Cell Communication Core Principle)

Question 16

Lipids: composition & characteristics

Answer 16

Mainly composed of Carbon & Hydrogen (c15-h31-COOH)

Because Lipids are predominately composed of C-H, they are non-polar & hydrophobic.

Lipids will dissolve in, or act as a solvent for other non-polar compounds (lipid-soluble)

Question 17

Fatty Acid

Answer 17

A basic lipid monomer.

Structure is a hydrocarbon chain w/ 4 to 20 plus carbon atoms bonded to a carboxylic acid group (—COOH).

Question 18

Saturated Fatty Acid

Answer 18

No double bonds between carbon atoms in its hydrocarbon chain, so its carbon atoms are “saturated” with H atoms.

-Animal fats. Solid at room temp.

Question 19

Monounsaturated FA

Answer 19

One double bond between two carbons in its hydrocarbon chain.

-Melts at room temp.

-Olive oil

Question 20

Polyunsaturated FA

Answer 20

Two or more double bonds between its carbon atoms.

-Lowest melting point of all FAs. Def liquid at room temp.

Question 21

Glycerol: how the body stores FAs

Answer 21

FAs cannot be packaged into long chains like monosaccharides.

So the body links 3 FAs via dehydration synthesis to a modified three-carbon sugar known as: GLYCEROL.

Glycerol plus the 3 FAs are Triglycerides

Question 22

Triglyceride

Answer 22

A polymer composed of glycerol plus 3 FA chains that are joined by dehydration synthesis.

Aka- Neutral Fat

If one or more of the 3 FA chains are unsaturated, it is likely to be liquid.

Question 23

Phospholipid

Answer 23

Similar structure to Triglyceride, with a glycerol backbone, but with only 2 FA chains (non-polar) plus a Phosphate group (polar).

This compound is amphiphilic, in that it has both polar & non-polar parts.

Question 24

Steroids/ Sterols

Answer 24

Lipids that have a four-ring hydrocarbon structure (steroid nucleus).

Cholesterol forms the basis for the body’s’ other steroids.

Question 25

Protein: function & structure

Answer 25

Proteins are macromolecules that act as enzymes, have structural roles, allow cells to communicate, make muscle contraction & can be oxidized for fuel. The monomer of all proteins are Amino Acids.

Question 26

Amino Acids

Answer 26

Monomer of all proteins. A central Carbon atom Bonded to 4 chemical groups; The nitrogen-containing AMINO GROUP (—NH2) plus the CARBOXYLIC ACID GROUP A hydrogen atom An atom or atoms of the “R” group (“residue”)

Question 28

R group in proteins

Answer 28

R group determines the AAs properties Range from one simple H atom, to complex. Can act as a acid/base, polar/nonpolar Determines proteins behavior in h2o

Question 29

Peptide & Peptide Bonds

Answer 29

AA monomers can be linked by dehydration synthesis to form polymers. Can be reversed thru hydrolysis. Two AA joined by a polar covalent bond, which are PEPTIDE BONDS. Polypeptides = 10 or more AAs

Question 30

Fibrous protein

Answer 30

Long protein strands composed of mostly non-polar AAs, resembling ropes that “tie” the body’s structures together. Found in hair, nails, tendons & bone

Question 31

Globular proteins

Answer 31

Polypeptide chains that assemble into a globe that are mostly polar. Enzymes, hormones & other cell-messengers.

Question 32

4 levels of protein structures

Answer 32

1. Primary: AAs in a linear polypeptide held together by covalent peptide bonds. 2. Secondary: Folding patterns of alpha helix (spring like), beta pleated sheets (vertical blinds) 3. Tertiary The final 3d shape that makes the protein FUNCTIONAL. H bonds, covalent bonds & ionic interactions between R groups. The IONIC INTERACTIONS BETWEEN R-GROUPS HELP TO DETERMINE THE SHAPE THE PROTEIN ASSUMES AFTER IT IS FOLDED. (2nd & 3rd shapes are almost identical in fibrous proteins) 4. Quaternary: Assembled polypeptide chains consisting of of their own primary, secondary & tertiary shape.

Question 33

Nucleotide & Nucleic Acids

Answer 33

-Nucleotides are monomers that form our genetic material & also ATP. (Nucleotide= Nitrogenous base + Pentose sugar+ Phosphate group) -Nucleic Acids are polymers of linked nucleotides. (Ex. DNA & RNA.) The nucleotides are joined by dehydration synthesis: the phosphate group of one nucleotide is joined to the sugar of the next by a polar covalent bond. Nucleic Acids are Not oxidized for fuel, but nucleotide ATP is.

Question 34

Nucleotide Structure: 3 parts

Answer 34

1.) Nitrogenous base + (glycosidic bond w/ the “1” Carbon of the sugar) 2.) A five-carbon (pentose) sugar + (covalent bond) 3.) A phosphate group

Question 35

Nitrogenous base: 2 types involved in DNA/RNA

Answer 35

A nitrogen containing hydrocarbon ring structure. Purines: double-ringed compounds include bases ADENINE & GUANINE Pyrimidines: single-ringed compounds including bases Cytosine, Thymine & Uracil. Known as: A-G-C-T-U

Question 36

Pentose-sugar in Nucleotides

Answer 36

A five-carbon sugar, Ribose or Deoxyribose sugar. Covalently bonded to a phosphate group. Nucleotides can contain between 1 to 3 groups.

Question 37

ATP

Answer 37

A nucleotide that is the main source of chemical energy in the body. Adenine + Ribose = Adenosine Plus 3 Phosphate groups

Question 38

ATP synthesis from ADP

Answer 38

Generally accomplished by adding a 3rd phosphate group. This is a highly endergonic reaction due to the energy needed to overcome the negative charges on the phosphate groups. However, when the phosphate bond is broken thru hydrolysis, the reaction is highly exergonic b/c ADP is more stable than ATP.

Question 39

DNA function & characteristics

Answer 39

DNA is an extremely large polymer found in the nucleus. Its function is the genetic code, the specifications of AA sequence for each protein. Cells read this sequence & assemble proteins via protein synthesis. Composed of two long chains of nucleotides that use H bonds to form a double-helix. Contains the pentose sugar, Deoxyribose (“de” because one of its carbon atoms lacks a hydroxyl group (-OH) and instead just has a H atom. Contains only bases: AGCT Complimentary base pairing determined by number of H bonds: A (purine) & T (pyrimidine) [2 H bds] G (purine) & C (pyrimidine) [3 H bds]

Question 40

RNA function & characteristics

Answer 40

DNA is not directly involved in the assembly of proteins involved in protein synthesis. DNA= contains instruction for building every protein in the body RNA= carries out DNA’s instruction Rather, RNA actually assembles the correct AA sequence for a protein. Consists of a single strand of nucleotides and is not confined to the nucleus. Must be able to travel to carry out genetic code & assist with transcription & translation. Structure: Pentose sugar Ribose Plus Nitrogenous base Uracil instead of Thymine. Pairings: U & A C & G (When RNA bonds to another nucleotide strand)