Chapter 1: Intro to Genetics

Question 1

what is genetics?

Answer 1

the branch of biology focused on the study of genes genetic variation and heredity

Question 2

what is a gene?

Answer 2

a physical and functional unit of heredity

Question 3

what is genetic variation?

Answer 3

diversity of gene frequencies

Question 4

what is heredity?

Answer 4

the passing of characteristics from one generation to the next

Question 5

domestication of plants and animals happened between…

Answer 5

8000-1000 B.C.

Question 6

the dawn of modern biology happened between…

Answer 6

1600-1850

Question 7

What is preformationism?

Answer 7

the theory that organisms develop from miniature versions of themselves

Question 8

the theory of epigenesis states that…

Answer 8

an organism develops from fertilized egg through developmental events, transforming egg into adult

Question 9

the cell theory states that…

Answer 9

all organisms are composed of cells derived from preexisting cells

Question 10

Gregor Mendel’s paper showed that

Answer 10

traits can be passed from one generation to the next

Question 11

the human diploid number is

Answer 11

46 (2n=46)

Question 12

who formulated the chromosomal theory of inheritance?

Answer 12

walter sutton and theodor boveri

Question 13

what are alleles?

Answer 13

alternate forms of a gene

Question 14

what are mutations?

Answer 14

variations in genes/alleles of DNA sequences

Question 15

what is a genotype?

Answer 15

a set of alleles for given trait

Question 16

what is a phenotype?

Answer 16

expression of genotype; produces an observable trait

Question 17

what is a drosophila melanogaster? what type of mutation is found in the gene controlling eye color?

Answer 17

• a fruit fly

- mutation which causes a white-eyed fly among normal re-eyed flies

Question 18

what is the chemical nature of genes?

Answer 18

• chromosomes consists of DNA and protein

- only 4 nucleotides but 20 amino acids

Question 19

Who and when was DNA proven to be the carrier of genetic information?

Answer 19

Avery, MacLeod, Maclyn, and McCarty in 1944

Question 20

the structure of DNA was described by…

Answer 20

Watson and Crick in 1953

Question 21

four differences between RNA and DNA

Answer 21

1. usually single-stranded
2. contains a ribose sugar
3. contains uracil instead of thymine
4. complementary to DNA

Question 22

what is the central dogma of biology?

Answer 22

DNA is transcribed into RNA which is then translated into a polypeptide chain

Question 23

what are the largest categories of proteins?

Answer 23

enzymes

Question 24

examples of proteins include

Answer 24

hemoglobin, insulin, collagen, actin, myosin

Question 25

biochemical or structural properties of proteins play a role in

Answer 25

phenotypes

Question 26

mutations do not always alter function bc there are ________ and _______ mutations.

Answer 26

synonymous and nonsynonymous

Question 27

sickle-cell anemia is caused by a mutation in what gene?

Answer 27

beta globin

Question 28

the mutation in sickle-cell anemia results in a mutant form of

Answer 28

hemoglobin

Question 29

what is the protein mutation in sickle-cell anemia?

Answer 29

glutamic acid gets changed to valine

Question 30

glutamic acid is

Answer 30

small and neutral

Question 31

valine is

Answer 31

large and hydrophobic

Question 32

hydrophobic sites in valine cause

Answer 32

hemoglobin chains to form

Question 33

what lead to a new era of biotechnology?

Answer 33

cloning with recombinant DNA

Question 34

genomics analyzes

Answer 34

genome sequences to study the structure, function, and evolution of genes and genomes

Question 35

proteomics identifies

Answer 35

the set of proteins present in cells; studies their function and interactions

Question 36

bioinformatics develops

Answer 36

the hardware and software for processing nucleotide and protein data

Question 37

describe classical genetics

Answer 37

relies on naturally occurring or induced mutations

Question 38

describe reverse genetics

Answer 38

- DNA sequence for gene is known | - role and function is studied using gene knockout method

Question 39

describe gene knockout

Answer 39

make target gene nonfunctional and observes outcome

Question 40

Why do genetic studies rely on model organisms?

Answer 40

- easy to grow - short life cycle - produce many offspring - genetic analysis is more straightforward

Question 41

the first human genome came out in ____ and cost _____.

Answer 41

2002 $3 billion