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BIO 144 Microbiology > Chapter 1 - Intro to Microbes > Flashcards

Chapter 1 - Intro to Microbes Flashcards

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1
Q

5 microorganisms

A

Bacteria, algae, fungi, protozoa, helminths

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2
Q

What is evolution?

A

The accumulation of changes that occur in organisms as they adapt to their environments

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3
Q

What is photosynthesis?

A

Light-fueled conversion of carbon dioxide to organic material (oxygenic photosynthesis)

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4
Q

What kind of photosynthesis do prokaryotes have?

A

Anoxygenic photosynthesis

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5
Q

What is biotechnology?

A

When humans manipulate microorganisms to make products in an industrial setting

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6
Q

Describe the area of biotechnology called genetic engineering

A

Manipulates the genetics of microbes, plants, and animals for purpose of creating new products/genetically modified organisms (GMOs)

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7
Q

What is recombinant DNA technology?

A

Powerful technique for designing GMOs – makes it possible to transfer genetic material from one organism to another and deliberately alter DNA

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8
Q

What is bioremediation?

A

Ability of microorganisms to restore stability/clean up toxic pollutants

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9
Q

Who is WHO?

A

World Health Organization

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10
Q

What causes gastric ulcers?

A

Caused by bacterium – Heliobacter

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11
Q

What are some connections being made with pathogens?

A

Caners – bacteria – viruses
Diabetes – Coxsackievirus
Schizophrenia – borna agent virus

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12
Q

What is spontaneous generation?

A

Belief that invisible vital forces present in matter led to the creation of life (maggots appearing on spoiled meat)

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13
Q

What is abiogenesis?

A

A = without, bio = life, genesis = beginning – beginning in absence of life; embraced spontaneous generation

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14
Q

What is biogenesis?

A

Beginning with life; Living things arise only from others of their same kind

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15
Q

What did Louis Pasteur do?

A

Studied microorganisms in fermentation in beer and wine; supported biogenesis

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16
Q

What did Robert Hooke contribute?

A

Earliest documentation of microbes 1660s

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17
Q

Antonie van Leeuwenhoek

A

Ducth linen merchant; Constructed over 250 small, powerful microscopes, could magnify up to 300 times; Animalcules

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18
Q

What did Daniel Nathans, Werner Arber, and Hamilton Smith discover in the 1970s?

A

Discovered molecular “scissors” inside prokaryotes that could chop DNA in specific ways (genetic engineering); enzymes could be harvested from bacteria

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19
Q

What does the Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) do?

A

Detects amount of DNA and amplifies them

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20
Q

What are biofilms?

A

Accumulations of bacteria and other microbes on surfaces; They are common in the human body; responsible for hard to conquer infections; can cause foreign implants in the body to fail

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21
Q

What did genome sequencing reveal?

A

Only 2% of DNA results with protein

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22
Q

RNA dictates…

A

…the creation of protein

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23
Q

What did Ferdinand Cohn discover?

A

Heat-resistant endospores

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24
Q

What does sterile mean?

A

Completely free of all life forms (including spores) and virus particles was then established

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25
What did Dr. Oliver Wendell Holmes observe?
Mothers who gave birth at home experienced fewer infections than those at a hospital
26
What did Dr. Ignaz Semmelweis observe?
Mothers being infected after being examined by physicians coming straight from autopsy
27
What did Joseph Lister create?
Aseptic techniques
28
What are aseptic techniques?
Aimed at reducing microbes in a medical setting and preventing would infections; Involved disinfecting the hands and air with strong antiseptic chemicals (phenol) prior to surgery
29
What did Louis Pasteur invent that became known as The Germ Theory of Disease?
Invented Pasteurization
30
Robert Koch has Koch's postulates. What is Koch's postulates?
Series of proofs/logical steps that verified germ theory; Could establish whether or not a germ was pathogenic and which disease it caused
31
Prokaryotes lack...
...organelles
32
What are organelles?
small, double-membrane-bound structures that perform specific functions, such as nucleus, mitochondria, and chloroplasts
33
What are the 4 main families of macromolecules?
Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids
34
Carbohydrates, proteins, and nucleic acids are formed by polymerization. What is polymerization?
Process in which repeating subunits termed monomers are bound to chains of various lengths, called polymers
35
What are the 3 smaller subunits of nucleotides?
Nitrogen base, pentose (5-carbon) sugar, phosphate
36
What are nitrogen bases 2 forms?
Purines (2 rings) and Pyrimidine (1 ring)
37
What are the 2 types of purines?
Adenine and guanine
38
What are the 3 types of pyrimidine?
Thymine, cytosine, and uracil
39
What are the functions of polysaccharides?
Structural support, protection, nutrient, and energy stores
40
Which polysaccharides can't be chemically bonded?
Agar (Complex polymer of galactose and sulfur-containing carbohydrates) Chitin (Polymer of glucosamine) Peptidoglycan (Polysaccharide (glycans) linked to peptide fragments (short chain of amino acids)) Lipopolysaccharide (Complex lipid and polysaccharide responsible for fever/shock)
41
Agar is a component of...
...certain seaweed
42
Chitin is the...
...exoskeleton of certain fungi
43
Peptidoglycan gives...
...structural support to bacterial cell wall
44
Lipopolysaccharide is...
...the cell wall of gram-negative bacteria
45
Glycoprotein is the...
Cell’s “sugar coating” of polysaccharides bound to proteins
46
Glycocalyx
Functions in attachment to other cells/site for receptors
47
What are the 4 main compounds classified as lipids?
Triglycerides, phospholipids, steroids, and waxes
48
Triglycerides are storage lipids, which means they store
Fats and oils
49
A 2-carbons 2-hydrogens triglyceride is
saturated
50
A one C==C bond triglyceride is
unsaturated
51
The hydrophilic membrane lipid is the
region from charge on phosphoric acid-alcohol “head” of molecule
52
The hydrophobic membrane lipid is the
region on long, uncharged “tail” formed by fatty acids
53
Where are steroids found?
in cell membranes and animal hormones
54
What does cholesterol do?
Reinforces structure of the cell membrane in animal cells and in an unusual group of cell wall-deficient bacteria called mycoplasmas
55
What is wax?
Ester formed between long-chain alcohol and saturated fatty acid
56
What is a peptide?
molecule composed of short chains of amino acids
57
A primary structure is
Type, number, and order of amino acids
58
A secondary structure is
Various functional groups exposed on outer surface of molecule interact forming hydrogen bonds; Amino acids twist/coil into a helix or pleated sheet
59
A tertiary structure is
Additional bonds between functional groups; Cysteine creates tertiary stability, sulfur-containing, covalent disulfide bonds between sulfur atoms on 2 different parts of molecule
60
A quaternary structure is
More then one polypeptide forms a large multiunit protein; Typical of antibodies and enzymes in cell synthesis
61
DNA is...
2 long polynucleotide strands linked by hydrogen bonds and complementary pairs of nitrogen bases
62
Adenine always pairs with
Thymine
63
Cytosine always pairs with
Guamine
64
RNA is...
Long chain of nucleotides; Single strand, except in viruses; has ribose sugar instead of deoxyribose and uracil instead of thymine
65
mRNA
Copy of a gene; order/type of amino acids in protein
66
tRNA
Carrier delivers correct amino acids for protein assembly
67
rRNA
Major component of ribosomes
68
ATP
Nucleotide containing adenine, ribose, and 3 phosphates; High-energy compound
69
ATP gives off energy when...
bond is broken between 2nd and 3rd phosphate, which generates adenosine diphosphate (ADP); ADP -> ATP when 3rd phosphate is restored
70
Taxonomy is
The science of classifying living beings
71
Nomenclature is
Assignment of scientific names to various taxonomic categories and to individual organisms
72
Classification is
Orderly arrangement of organisms into a hierarchy of taxa
73
Identification is
Process of discovering and recording the traits of organisms so that they may be recognized or named and placed in overall taxonomic schemes
74
The binomial system of nomenclature is
Combination of generic name followed by the species name
75
What are the classification categories from least to most specific
Domain, Kingdom, Phylum or Division, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species
76
What are the domains for prokaryotic cells?
Archaea and bacteria

BIO 144 Microbiology (2 decks)

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