Chapter 1 - Intro to Stuttering

Question 1

What is fluency?

Answer 1

Fluency is the EFFORTLESS FLOW of speech!

Question 2

What are the 4 elements for fluency?

Answer 2

1_ RATE of speech

2) CONTINUITY from speech mvmt to another
3) RHYTHM of intonation of utterance
4) EFFORT of utterance, physical and mental

Question 3

True or False:

A person who does not stutter means that they are 100% fluent.

Answer 3

FALSE!

No one is 100% fluent. It is normal to have some disfluencies in our speech.

Question 4

When a person is using a lot of effort while speaking it means that the person has to expend _____________ or ____________ effort.

Answer 4

physical or mental

Question 5

What is the definition of stuttering? What does it affect?

Answer 5

Abnormally HIGH FREQUENCY of stoppages in the forward flow of speech affecting its CONTINUITY , RHYTHM, RATE, and EFFORT

Question 6

What does temporal aspects of speech refer to?

Answer 6

It is related to RATE

Question 7

True or False:

Temporal aspects of speech are always related to stuttering.

Answer 7

FALSE
Temporal aspects of speech MAY OR MAY NOT be related to stuttering
Why?
* There are people with a fast rate of speech who do not stutter, but people who stutter usually speak in a fast rate.

Question 8

Which of the terms below is the best way (politically correct) for a clinician to refer to their client?

a) He/she is a stutterer
b) He/she stutters
c) People who stutter
d) b & c

Answer 8

d) B & C

Stutterers is NOT politically correct

Question 9

Stoppages that occur during stuttering take the form of :

There are known as _______________

Answer 9

1) REPETITIONS of sounds, syllables, or non-syllable words
2) PROLONGATIONS of sounds
3) BLOCKS of airflow or voicing in speech

These are all known as CORE BEHAVIORS

Question 10

Mention the 4 components of stuttering

Answer 10

1) CORE BEHAVIORS
2) SECONDARY BEHAVIORS
3) FEELINGS AND ATTITUDES
4) UNDERLYING PROCESSES

Question 11

There a 3 ways that repetitions can occur:

Answer 11

1) PART WORD
2) WHOLE WORD
3) PHRASE

Question 12

Which of the following is an example of a PART-WORD repetition:

a) cupcake…. cupcake….. cupcake
b) cup…cup…cup….cake
c) seeit….seeit….seeit
d) cup…cup….cup….cup

Answer 12

B

Question 13

Which of the following is an example of WHOLE-WORD repetition:

a) cupcake…. cupcake….. cupcake
b) seeit….seeit….seeit
c) cup…cup….cup….cup
d) a & c

Answer 13

D

Question 14

Which of the following is an example of PHRASE repetition :

a) cupcake…. cupcake….. cupcake
b) cup…cup…cup….cake
c) seeit….seeit….seeit
d) cup…cup….cup….cup

Answer 14

C

Question 15

Prolongations can occur in ___________ or _____________.

Answer 15

vowels or consonants

Question 16

Which of the following would be a harder sound to prolongate?

a) /b/
b) /l/
c) /w/

Answer 16

a) The /b/ sound would be harder because STOPS are harder to prolongate!

Question 17

Blocks can happen ____________ a word or __________ a word.

Provide an example of each

Answer 17

between or within
Examples:
* Between- I wa…..nt
* Within- cup……cake

Question 18

What is a block?

Answer 18

When a person inappropriately stops the flow of air or voice and often the movement of his/her articulators

Question 19

Blocks may involve any level of speech production mechanism…____, _____, _____

Answer 19

respiratory, laryngeal, articulatory

Question 20

True or False:
People who stutter differ from one another in how frequently they stutter and how long their individual core behaviors lasts

Answer 20

TRUE

Question 21

What is usually the order of time of onset of the core behaviors?

Answer 21

1) repetitions
2) prolongations
3) blocks
However some researchers have found that they two or all of them can have the same time of onset !

Question 22

What are secondary behaviors?

Answer 22

Secondary behaviors are REACTIONS to the core behaviors!

Question 23

What are the two types of secondary behaviors?

Answer 23

1) Escape behavior

2) Avoidance behavior

Question 24

Which of the following is an example of escape behaviors?

a) circumlocution
b) facial grimaces
c) eye blinks
d) head nods
e) b, c, & d

Answer 24

E

Question 25

Which of the following is an example of avoidance behaviors? a) situation avoidance b) physical concomitants c) circumlocution d) substitution of words e) a, c, & d

Answer 25

E

Question 26

Avoidance behaviors are learned when a speaker is able to _____________stuttering and can recall the negative experiences he has had when stuttering

Answer 26

ANTICIPATE

Question 27

PWS have a gradual ________________ of negative feelings about themselves and about speaking

Answer 27

INCREASE

Question 28

True or False: When you are explaining a client the causes of stuttering you can always give then a definitive answer to the actual problem

Answer 28

FALSE! | There are several facts that may be associated with stuttering. There is never a DEFINITIVE cause!

Question 29

True or False: | It is normal for a child who is acquiring speech and language skills to experience some disfluencies.

Answer 29

TRUE | They way that the parents or adults react to the disfluencies may determine if it improves or worsens.

Question 30

Two factos that may "bring on" the stuttering are :

Answer 30

1) Environmental factors - include various stressful events and/or traumas 2) Emotional factors- fear and embarrassment over communication

Question 31

The symptoms of DEVELOPMENTAL STUTTERING begin during.....

Answer 31

the EARLY CHILDHOOD stages

Question 32

What are the three TYPES of stuttering?

Answer 32

1) Developmental - associated with child dev. 2) Psychogenic - associated to psychological factors 3) Neurogenic - associated to neurological factors

Question 33

The onset of DEVELOPMENTAL STUTTERING is most likely to occur between the ages of : a) 0-3 b) 2-7 c) 2-5 d) 1-4

Answer 33

C | This onset often occurs when the child is experiencing a very intense period of speech and language learning

Question 34

What is the different between DISABILITY and HANDICAPPED?

Answer 34

DISABILITY- is the limitation it puts on an individual's ability to COMMUNICATE. This limitation is heavily influenced by how a PWS feels about himself and how others react to it. HANDICAPPED- the limitation on a person's life. It refers to the lack of fulfillment an individual has in his SOCIAL LIFE, SCHOOL, JOB, ETC

Question 35

Which of the following is an example of a DISABILITY? a) a person who produces many repetitions b) the person cannot speak in front of a large audience c) a person cannot pronounce the /b/ without blocks d) the person cannot find a job due to the stuttering e) a & c

Answer 35

E

Question 36

Which of the following is an example of a HANDICAPPED? a) a person who produces many repetitions b) the person cannot speak in front of a large audience c) a person cannot pronounce the /b/ without blocks d) the person cannot find a job due to the stuttering e) b & d

Answer 36

E

Question 37

* Prevalence refers to.... * It gives us information about.... * It varies considerably with ...

Answer 37

* How widespread the disorder is... * It gives us information about how many people currently stutter! * It varies considerably with AGE

Question 38

* Incidence refers to.....

Answer 38

* How many people have stuttered at some point in their life. * Incidence figures are NOT clear-cut b/c researchers have used different definitions of stuttering and methods for obtaining data

Question 39

The difference between incidence _____% and prevalence _____ suggests that most people who stutter at some time in their lives ________ ! a) 5% , 1%, recover b) 1%, 5%, worsen c) 5%, 1%, worsen d) 1%, 5%, worsen

Answer 39

A

Question 40

Research has shown that prevalence ____________ after _____________. a) increases, puberty b) declines, puberty c) neither

Answer 40

B

Question 41

Males stutter _________ than females at a ratio of __________. a) less; 3:1 b) more; 1:3 c) more; 3:1

Answer 41

C

Question 42

Mention some reasons/factors why people might recover from stuttering:

Answer 42

1) it was a mild case of stuttering 2) might have slowed rate of speech 3) they had good lang. and phonological skills 4) females are more likely to recover

Question 43

Which of the statement about PWS is TRUE: a) PWS cannot read b) PWS are able to predict the words on which they will be disfluent c) PWS consistently stutter on the same words or sounds d) b & c

Answer 43

D

Question 44

Which statement about PWS is FALSE: a) PWS cannot read or write b) PWS , when asked to read a passage 6-7 times, stutter LESS on each reading. c) none of the above

Answer 44

A

Question 45

Mention at least 4 out of 7 linguistic features adults tend to stutter more on:

Answer 45

1) Consonants 2) Complex words 3) Initial position of words 4) Stressed syllables 5) Contextual speech 6) Beginning of sentences 7) Content words

Question 46

Mention some FLUENCY INDUCING situations:

Answer 46

1) Speaking alone 2) Speaking to an animal 3) Speaking to a younger individual/less authoritative 4) Speaking is a slow, prolonged manner 5) Singing

Question 47

Mention some STUTTERING INDUCING situations:

Answer 47

1) Speaking to large groups 2) Speaking under pressure 3) Speaking on demand 4) Speaking to an authority figure 5) Speaking to a person who constantly interrupts