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Fluency Disorders > Motor Speech Disorders > Flashcards

Motor Speech Disorders Flashcards

1
Q

Neurologic process of speech production involves: (3 things) -CMN

A

1) COGNITIVE-linguistic process = intention to communicate.
2) MOTOR speech programming= executed by neuromuscular system. Selects and organizes the sensorimotor programs.
3) NEUROMUSCULAR execution= CNS an PNS innervate the necessary muscles (of the subsystems for speech) to produce desired words.

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2
Q

What is a motor speech disorder?

A

It is a disorder of SPEECH resulting from neurologic damage and it affects MOTOR PROGRAMMING or MOTOR EXECUTION.

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3
Q

What are the two main motor speech disorders?

A

DYSARTHRIA & APRAXIA

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4
Q

What is the main difference between apraxia and dysarthria.

A

apraxia = problems with motor execution/programming but NO MUSCLE WEAKNESS OR PARALYSIS.

dysarthria= problems with motor execution/programming DUE TO MUSCLE WEAKNESS OR PARALYSIS.

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5
Q

T or F:

Dysarthria can affect all speech subsystems.

A

TRUE

  • respiration
  • phonation
  • articulation
  • prosody
  • resonance
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6
Q

What are the 6 types of dysarthria.

A
  • flaccid
  • spastic
  • ataxic
  • hypokinetic
  • hyperkinetic
  • mixed
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7
Q

T or F:

Both apraxia and dysarthria can occur with aphasia.

A

TRUE!

**But in apraxia more commonly co-occurs with apraxia*

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8
Q

What are the two main subsystems of speech affected with APRAXIA?

A
  • articulation =usually inconsistent errors

* prosody

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9
Q

What does TRANSIENT mean? (course of disease)

A
  • the symptoms don’t last , they disappear COMPLETELY
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10
Q

What does IMPROVING mean? (course of disease)

A
  • the symptoms are improving but they may still be there. (just not as severe)
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11
Q

What does PROGRESSIVE mean? (course of disease)

A
  • symptoms will become worse over time and other new symptoms may appear.
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12
Q

What does EXACERBATING-REMITTING mean? (course of disease)

A
  • symptoms occur, then get better, then occur again etc.
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13
Q

What does STATIONARY mean? (course of disease)

A
  • symptoms don’t change
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14
Q

The course of the motor speech disorder depends on it’s _________________?

A

ETIOLOGY

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15
Q

Symptoms can be described as : _________ , __________, _____________.

A

1) ACUTE = comes on withing MINUTES
2) SUBACUTE= comes on within DAYS
3) CHRONIC =comes on within MONTHS

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16
Q

Motor speech disorders are associated with ______________ disorders.

A

CHRONIC

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17
Q

The CNS contains:

A

1) BRAIN
- cerebrum
- brain stem
- cerebellum

2) SPINAL CORD

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18
Q

The PNS contains:

A

1) Cranial nerves (12 pairs)

2) Spinal nerves (31 pairs)

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19
Q

What are the 4 lobes in the cerebrum?

A

Frontal
Parietal
Temporal
Occipital

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20
Q

What does CORTEX mean?

A

outer layer (bark)

21
Q 
gyri = ? 
sulci= ?
A 
gyri = RIDGES
sulci= VALLEYS
22
Q

The BRAINSTEM contains?

A

1) midbrain - links cerebrum to brainstem
2) pons - bridges to cerebellum
3) medulla - controls respiration

23
Q

What are the 4 main ANATOMIC levels of the CNS? (SPSP)

A

1) SUPRATENTORIAL
2) POSTERIOR
3) SPINAL
4) PERIPHERAL

24
Q

SUPRATENTORIAL is made up of _________ and contains __________.

A

Made up of ANT. and MIDDLE fossae.

Contains all the paired lobes (frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital) , basal ganglia, thalamus, hypothalamus & CN 1-2.

25
Q

POSTERIOR is made of ___________ and contains _________.

A

Made up of POST. fossae.

Contains brainstem, cerebellum, & cranial nerves 3-12.

26
Q

Ten of the 12 pair of cranial nerves originate in the brain stem at the level of the _____________ fossae.

A

POSTERIOR!

27
Q

Which are the only cranial nerves that originate in the supratentorial level?

A

CN 1 & 2

28
Q

SPINAL level begins at ___________ and it is surrounded by________.

A

begins at LOWER END OF MEDULLA

surrounded by bony vertebral column

29
Q

Spinal cord ends at the first __________ vertabrae.

A

LUMBAR.

30
Q

PERIPHERAL level is made up of __________ which exit the ____________.

A

12 cranial nerves
31 spinal nerves
which exit the skull through the foramina.

31
Q

What are the 3 layers of the MENINGES?

A

1) DURA mater (outer)
2) ARACHNOID mater (below dura loosely covers brain)
3) PIA mater (innermost)

32
Q

What are the 3 spaces b/w the MENINGES?

A

1) EPIDURAL space= b/w dura and bone
2) SUBDURAL space = beneath dura
3) SUBARACHNOID space = beneath arachnoid (filled with CSF)

33
Q

T or F:

There is a CHOROID PLEXUS in each ventricle.

A

TRUE!

34
Q

Ventricles are cavities filled with ________.

A

CSF (cerebro spinal fluid)

35
Q

Vascular involves _______.

A

BLOOD VESSELS that provide oxygen and nutrients to structures and removes waste.

36
Q

Brain receives blood from which 2 arterial systems?

A

1) CAROTID system
2) VERTEBRA BASILAR system
* ** They join at the Circle of Willis.***

37
Q

T or F:

Groups of fibers traveling in the PNS are called TRACTS/PATHWAYS.

A

FALSE

They are called NERVES!!!

38
Q

T or F:

Groups of fibers traveling in the CNS are called PATHWAYS/TRACTS.

A

TRUE!!!

39
Q

The MOTOR UNIT is made up of the ___________ and the__________ it innervates.

A

AXON & MUSCLE FIBER it innervates

40
Q

What are the 3 types of SUPPORTING (GLIAL) CELLS?

A

1) OLIGDENDROGLIA cells = form myelin in the CNS
2) SCHWANN cells- form myelin in the PNS
3) ASTROCYTES = found in the CNS (help move substances b/w blood and neurons o CNS.

41
Q

What are two diseases that attacks myelin (demyelination)

A

Multiple Sclerosis & Guillian Barre

42
Q

If LMN innervation to muscle is lost ….the muscle will _____.

A

ATROPHY!

43
Q

Thalamus acts as the ________.

A

RELAY STATION (information comes here and then sent somewhere else)

44
Q

What are other important structures involved in motor movement and motor control?

A

1) THALAMUS

2) BASAL GANGLIA (deep inside cerebrum)
- globus pallidus
- putamen & caudate nucleus (striatum)
- lentiform nucleus

3) SUBSTANTIA NIGRA & SUBTHALAMIC NUCLEI

45
Q

Damage can be ________, _________, or _________.

A

FOCAL - single area

MULTIFOCAL - more than one area

DIFFUSE - generalized , involve bilateral symmetric parts of nervous system.

46
Q

UMN involves ___________ and synapses ___________.

A

Motor cortex and synapses to the level of the brainstem /spinal cord.

47
Q

LMN involves ___________ and synapses ________.

A

Brainstem/spinal cord and synapses with the muscle.

48
Q

What are the 4 main parts of the SPEECH MOTOR SYSTEM:

A

1) Final common pathway (aka. LMN or PNS)
2) Direct Activation pathway (pyramidal tract)
3) Indirect Activation pathway (extrapyramidal tract)
4) Control circuits

Fluency Disorders (7 decks)

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