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Anatomy and Physiology > Chapter 1 - Introducing The Human Body > Flashcards

Chapter 1 - Introducing The Human Body Flashcards

(98 cards)

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0
Q

Gross anatomy

A

Visible with the unaided eye

Used for dissection

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1
Q

Define anatomy and physiology

A

Anatomy- the science of body structure. (What)

Physiology- the study of body function. (How)

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2
Q

Microscopic anatomy

A

Focuses on structures that must be studied with microscopes

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3
Q

Cell biology

A

The study of the structure, function, and interaction of cells

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4
Q

Chemical elements

A

Pure chemical substances that make up all matter

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5
Q

98% of the body is made up of only what 6 elements?

A
  1. Oxygen
  2. carbon
  3. hydrogen
  4. nitrogen
  5. calcium
  6. phosphorus
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6
Q

Atom

A

The smallest amount of a chemical element

(The building blocks of all matter)*
Solids liquids and gases

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7
Q

Molecules

A

Form from combining atoms

For example: 2 atoms of hydrogen chemically combine with one atom of oxygen to produce water (H2O)

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8
Q

Cells

A

Building blocks of the body which are formed from atoms and molecules

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9
Q

The human body is composed of what?

A

About 100 trillion cells of many types such as bone, blood, and muscle cells.

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10
Q

Organelles

A

Specialized cell parts that make up the cell

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11
Q

Tissues

A

Similar cell types grouped together

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12
Q

The 4 main types of tissue are?

A
  1. Muscle tissue
  2. Nervous tissue
  3. Connective tissue
  4. Epithelial tissue
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13
Q

Organs

A

Different types of tissues grouped together

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14
Q

What organ consists of all 4 types of tissue, mostly muscle?

A

The heart

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15
Q

Organ (body) system

A

A group of tissues that work together to perform specific functions

Each organ system contributes to the dynamic, carefully balanced state of the body

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16
Q

Ion

A

An ion is an atom in the body that has a positive or negative charge

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17
Q

Chemical comound

A

A molecule that consists of 2 or more different elements combined in a fixed proportion

NaCl
H2O

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18
Q

Inorganic compounds

A

Relatively small, simple compounds such as water, salts, simple acids

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19
Q

Inorganic compounds are required for…

A

Fluid balance, and many cell activities such as transporting materials through cell membranes

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20
Q

Organic compounds- and what are they?

A

Large, complex compounds containing carbon

These are the chemical building blocks ( structural components) of the body and also serve as fuel molecules that provide energy and also regulate and participate in thousands of chemical reactions necessary for life

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21
Q

What are the 4 groups of organic compounds?

A
  1. Carbohydrates
  2. Lipids
  3. Proteins
  4. Nucleic acids
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22
Q

Carbohydrates

A

Sugars and starches

Fuel for the body

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23
Q

Lipids

A

Fats- components of cell membranes

Steroids- hormones

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24
Proteins
Muscles, enzymes
25
Nucleic acids
DNA and RNA Used in genes
26
What are 2 very important nuclei acids?
1. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) | 2. Ribonucleic acid (RNA)
27
DNA
Makes up genes and contains the instructions for making all the proteins needed by the cell
28
RNA
Important in the process of manufacturing proteins
29
Metabolism
All processes that take place within the body
30
2 phases of metabolism
1. Catabolism- the breaking down phase of metabolism | 2. Anabolism- the building or synthetic phase of metabolism
31
Catabolism
Breaks down energy from food into ADP which gets stored as ATP (energy storage)
32
Anabolism
Releases ATP (stored energy) and builds it up to use in the body
33
Cellular respiration
During this process certain nutrients are used as fuel and are slowly broken down Requires oxygen and nutrients
34
Homeostasis
An appropriate internal environment (a steady state) Which can be maintained by body temperature for example Maintains a balanced concentration of nutrients, oxygen, and other gases, ions, and various chemical compounds
35
Stressor
A stimulus that disrupts homeostasis and causes stress in the body
36
Negative feedback system
In a steady state, triggers a response that is opposite (negative) to the change and brings the condition back within normal limits For example: body temperature, regulation of glucose in the blood, and regulation of blood pressure are negative feedback systems
37
Positive feedback system
The variation from the steady state sets off a series of events that intensify the changes For example: delivery of a baby- as the baby's head pushes against the cervix a reflex reaction causes it to contract and is repeated until the baby is born
38
Bilateral symmetry
Right and left halves (mirror images)
39
2 structures that characterize humans as vertebrates
1. The cranium brain case) | 2. Backbone (vertebral column)
40
Anatomical position
The boys is standing erect, eyes looking forward, arms at the sides, and palms and toes directed forward
41
Superior/Inferior
Toward the head (superior) | Toward the feet (inferior)
42
Cephalic/cranial Caudal
Toward the skull Toward the tail
43
Anterior/Posterior
Anterior- or ventral is the front (belly) Posterior- or dorsal is the back (vertebral column)
44
Medial/Lateral
Closer to the midline Toward one side of the body
45
Proximal/Distal
Closer to the body midline or point of attachment to the trunk Further from the body midline or point of attachment to the trunk
46
Superficial/Deep
Structures located toward the surface of the body Structures located further inward ( away from the surface) are deep
47
Frontal (coronal) plane Midsagittal plane Transverse (cross) plane
Front/back (anterior/posterior) Left/right Top/bottom (superior/inferior)
48
Axillary
Armpit
49
Brachial
Arm
50
Buccal
Cheek
51
Carpal
Wrist
52
Celiac
Abdomen
53
Cervical
Neck
54
Costal
Ribs
55
Axial portion
Consists of the head, neck and trunk
56
Appendicular portion
Consists of the limbs
57
Torso portion
Consists of the thorax, abdomen, and pelvis
58
Cubital
Elbow or forearm
59
Cutaneous
Skin
60
Femoral
Thigh part of the leg
61
Frontal
Forehead
62
Gluteal
Buttock
63
Groin
Depressed area between the abdomen and the thigh
64
Inguinal
Groin
65
Leg
From knee to foot
66
Lumbar
Loin, lower back
67
Occipital
Back of the head
68
Ophthalmic
Eyes
69
Orbital
Bony cavity containing the eyeball
70
Patellar
Knee
71
Pectoral
Chest
72
Pedal
Foot
73
Palmar
Palm
74
Perineal
Between the anus and the pubic arch
75
Plantar
Sole of the foot
76
Popliteal
Behind the knee
77
Sacral
Base of the spine
78
Tarsal
Ankle
79
Body cavities
Spaces within the body that contain the internal organs or *viscera*
80
Dorsal cavity
Located near the dorsal (posterior) body surface The dorsal cavity is subdivided into the cranial cavity and the vertebral (spinal) canal
81
Ventral cavity
Located near the ventral (anterior) body surface Devided into the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities
82
Diaphragm
Separates the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities
83
Pleural cavities
Each contain a lung and the *mediastinum* between them
84
Mediastinum
Holds the heart, thymus gland, and parts of the esophagus and trachea
85
Pericardial cavity
Also surrounds the heart
86
Abdominal cavity
Contains the stomach, small intestine, much of the large intestine, liver, pancreas, spleen, kidneys, and uterus
87
Pelvic cavity
Holds the urinary bladder, part of the large intestine, and the reproductive organs (in females)
88
Scrotal cavity
Small out pocket containing the testes (in males)
89
Levels of organization
``` Atoms Molecules Cells Tissues Organs Systems Organism ```
90
ATP
Adenosine triphosphate Special energy-storage molecule
91
``` Body systems: Integumentary Skeletal Muscular Nervous Endocrine Circulatory Respitory Digestive Urinary Reproductive Immune ```
``` Integ.- Skin & protection Skelet.- Bones & support Muscle- Muscles & movement Nerve.- Brain, nerves & transmission of electricity Endo.- Glands & regulation Cardi.- Heart, vessels & transportation Resp.- Lungs & gas exchange Gastro.- GI tract & digestion, absorption Kid.- Kidneys & excretion Repo.- Gonads & reproduction Immu.- WBC's, antibodies & defense ```
92
RU quad. LU quad. RL quad.
Liver Spleen Appendix
93
4 cardinal signs of inflammation
1. Redness 2. Heat 3. Swelling 4. Pain
94
Describe Inflammation
- Capillaries dilate and more blood flows to the area (erythema) - causes the are area to get hot - capillaries become more permeable letting fluid into the area (edema) - causes pain
95
Supine
Facing up
96
Prone
Face down
97
Atoms nucleus
Positively charged protons | The same number of negative electrons balances out the atom E- orbit around the nucleus P+

Anatomy and Physiology (5 decks)

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