Chapter 1: Introduction Flashcards
When Tara saw the lush green lawn, it reminded her of just how dry the lawn has been the previous year. Among the four laws of association, this is best described as an example of the law of __________.
contrast
Deanna often gets lost when she drives around the city that she lives in. Tolman would say that she has a faulty _________________.
cognitive map
When Danielle first saw Gina, she immediately thought of Reese Witherspoon. Among the four laws of association, this is most likely an example of law of __________.
similarity
Jordan once became terribly ill while visiting Chicago. As a result, whenever he visits Chicago, he thinks of the illness he suffered at that time. Among the fours laws of association, this is best described as an example of the law of ________.
contiguity
After struggling unsuccessfully to completely eliminate his test anxiety, Andres finally accepts that there are some aspects of himself that he can control and some that he cannot. This conclusion is similar to that of the French philosopher _________ and his theory of _________ dualism.
Descartes
mind-body
In trying to understand her feelings for Juan, Alisha pays close attention to the sensations she feels each time she sees him. This is an example of the method of _________. This was a favorite method of research by psychologists who followed the approach known as ___________.
introspection
structuralism
Hull’s theory is a (molar/molecular) type of theory, whereas Tolman’s theory is a (molar/molecular) type.
molecular
molar
When Anastasia once visited Vancouver, it rained every day for a month. As a result, whenever she is trapped in a rainstorm, it reminds her of her trip to Vancouver. Among the fours laws of association, this is best described as an example of the law of ________.
frequency
Reggie claims that she freely chose to become a musician, despite her parents putting tremendous pressure on her to choose a different career. A behaviorist like Skinner would say that her decision to become a musician may instead have been the result of environmental influences that are very (subtle/salient).
subtle
“My cat never gets lost. It’s like she has a blueprint in their mind of the exact layout of the entire town.” This statement fits best with _________’s brand of behaviorism known as __________.
Tolman’s
cognitive behaviorism
“Babies know nothing,” Kristie pronounced when her sister commented on how intelligent her new baby seemed to be. Kristie obviously believes that the mind of a newborn is a _________ slate, a notion that was promoted by a group of philosophers known as the __________.
blank
British empiricists
Although Roberta just sits there throughout the lecture, she can afterward repeat everything the professor said. This is an example of _______ learning, which illustrates the distinction between learning and _________.
latent
performance
Skinner noted that people are least likely to perceive their behavior to be freely chosen when their behavior is controlled by _________ consequences.
aversive (or punishing)
After making love, one behaviorist comments, “That was fine for you, how was it for me?” This joke is most descriptive of which school of behaviorism?
methodological behaviorism
Shira emphasizes environmental explanations for behavior and believes that thoughts and feelings should be regarded as private behaviors that also need to be explained. As such she is most likely a(n) _________ behaviorist. To the extent that Shira also conducts research into basic principles of behavior, she can be called a(n) ____________. And to the extend that she applies such principles to developing better methods for coaching basketball, she can be called a(n) _______.
radical
behavior analyst
applied behavior analyst
Aristotle was a(n) (nativist/empiricist), whereas Plato was a(n) (nativist/empiricist).
empiricist
nativist
Learning is a relatively (permanent/temporary) change in behavior that results from some type of _______.
permanent
experience
When I haven’t heat for several hours, I feel a strong sense of hunger and therefore walk quickly as I head to the cafeteria. This statement fits best with _______’s brand of behaviorism, known as _________.
Hull’s
neobehaviorism
Neal was recently stung by a wasp and is now quite fearful of wasps. This is best seen as an example of ________ conditioning.
classical
John’s therapist tells him that, although she cares about what he feels, she is more interested in what he did and in the environmental circumstances that affected both his behavior and his feelings. This therapist’s approach fits best with _________’s brand of behaviorism, known as __________.
Skinner’s
radical behaviorism
Descartes believed that the behavior of ____________ is entirely reflexive.
animals
Mandy found a five-dollar bill when she took out the trash one day. As a result, she now volunteers quite often to take out the trash. This is an example of _______ conditioning.
operant
A middleman in a business transaction is analogous to what Tolman and Hull referred to as a(n) ________ variable.
intervening
As originally defined by Watson, behaviorism is a(n) ___________ science approach to psychology that emphasizes the study of __________ influences on ____________ behavior.
natural
environmental
observable
