Chapter 1: Introduction to Anatomy & Physiology Flashcards
(121 cards)
1
Q
What are the properties common to all living organisms?
A
Metabolism Cellular composition Responsiveness Growth Excretion Reproduction Movement
2
Q
Metabolism
A
- Involves all of the chemical processes that occur within living organisms
- Two types: Anabolism (“building” processes) and catabolism (“breaking-down” processes)
3
Q
Cellular composition
A
All living organisms are made up of cells (small units that carry out living functions)
4
Q
Responsiveness
A
All living organisms respond to senses and changes in their surroundings known as stimuli
5
Q
Growth
A
Living organisms must be able to grow in cell number and cell size
6
Q
Excretion
A
As a result of metabolic processes, living organisms produce waste products that must be excreted
7
Q
Reproduction
A
- Living organisms must be able to grow and reproduce old and damaged cells
- As well as be able to reproduce offspring similar to itself
8
Q
Movement
A
Cells within the organism are in motion and/or the organism itself is able to move
9
Q
Six levels of organization in the human body
A
Chemical Level Cellular Level Tissue Level Organ Level Organ System Level Organism Level
10
Q
Chemical Level
A
- The smallest level of organization in the body
- Chemicals range in size from tiny atoms to complex structures called molecules
- All subsequent levels are made up of molecules
11
Q
Cellular Level
A
Groups of several different types of molecules combine in specific ways to form structures at the cellular level
12
Q
Tissue Level
A
- Groups of similar cells and the material outside them (ECM) come together to form tissue
- Varies in appearance
13
Q
Organ Level
A
Two or more tissue types combine to form a structure that has a recognizable shape and performs a specialized task
14
Q
Organ System Level
A
- The body’s organs are grouped into organ systems
- OSs consist of two or more organs that together carry out a broad function in the body
15
Q
Organism Level
A
The organ systems function together to make up the working human body -an organism
16
Q
What are the 11 organ systems in the body?
A
MR L. DICE RUNS
Muscular System Respiratory System Lymphatic System Digestive System Integumentary System Cardiovascular System Endocrine System Reproductive System Urinary System Nervous System Skeletal System
17
Q
Skeletal System
A
- Bones, joints
- Supports the body
- Protects internal organs
- Provides leverage for movement
- Produces blood cells
- Stores calcium cells
18
Q
Muscular System
A
- Skeletal muscles
- Produces movement
- Controls body openings
- Generates heat
19
Q
Nervous System
A
- Brain, spinal cord, nerves
- Regulates body functions
- Provides for sensation, movement, automatic functions, and higher mental functions via nerve impulses
20
Q
Endocrine System
A
- Pineal gland, hypothalamus, pituitary gland, thyroid gland, thymus gland, adrenal gland, pancreas, ovaries & testis
- Regulates body functions
- Regulates functions of the muscles, glands, and other tissues through the secretion if chemicals called hormones
21
Q
Cardiovascular System
A
- Heart, blood vessels
- Pumps and delivers oxygen-poor blood to the lungs and oxygen-rich blood to the tissues
- Removes waste from the tissues
- Transports cells, nutrients, and other substances
22
Q
Lymphatic System
A
- Tonsils, lymph nodes thymus, spleen, lymphatic vessels
- Returns excess tissue fluid to the cardiovascular system
- Provides immunity (protection against disease)
23
Q
Respiratory System
A
- Nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, lungs
- Delivers oxygen to the blood
- Removes carbon dioxide from the body
- Maintains the acid-base balance of the blood
24
Q
Digestive System
A
- Mouth, salivary glands, esophagus, liver, stomach, gallbladder, pancreas, large & small intestine
- Digests food
- Absorbs nutrients into the blood
- Maintains fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base balance
- Removes waste
25
Urinary System
- Kidney, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra
- Removes metabolic wastes from the blood
- Maintains fluid, electrolyte, and acid base balance
- Stimulates blood cell production
26
Reproductive System (Male)
- Prostate gland, ductus deferents, testis, penis
- Produces and transports sperm
- Secretes hormones
- Sexual function
27
Reproductive System (Female)
- Mammary glands, uterine tube, ovary, uterus, vagina
- Produces and transports locates (eggs)
- Site of fetal development, fetal nourishment, childbirth, and lactation
- Secretes hormones
- Sexual function
28
Sectional Anatomy
Examines structures through the use of sections
29
Gross Anatomy
Examines structures that can be seen with an unaided eye
30
Microscopic Anatomy
Examines structures with the aid of a microscope
| - Histology, cytology, embryology, developmental biology
31
Systemic Anatomy
Examines structures by looking at individual organ systems
32
Regional Anatomy
Examines the body by dividing into regions such as the back/head/neck
33
Surface Anatomy
Examines the surface markings of the body
34
Imaging Anatomy
Examines structures through X-Rays, CT scans, MRI and other technologies
35
Pathological Anatomy
Examines structure changes associated with disease
36
How are physiological specializations classified?
- According to the organ/organ system OR level of organization
37
What are examples of diagnostic techniques?
Inspections - visual observations
Palpation - touch
Auscultation - listening
Percussion - tapping
38
What is Anatomical Position?
- Body standing upright
- Feet are shoulder width apart
- Upper limbs are beside the trunk
- Head and hands are facing forward
39
What’s the difference between anterior and posterior?
Anterior - front, ventral
| Posterior - back, dorsal
40
What’s the difference between superior and inferior?
Superior - towards the head (cranial)
| Inferior - towards the tail (caudal)
41
What’s the difference between proximal and distal?
*LIMBS
Proximal - closer to the point of attachment (or the trunk)
Distal - farther away from the point of attachment (or the trunk)
42
What’s the difference between medial and lateral?
Medial - closer to the midline; on the inner side of
| Lateral - farther away from the midline; on the outer side of
43
The nose is ______ to the mouth
Superior
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The ankle is ______ to the knee
Distal
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The ring finger is ______ to the index finger
Proximal
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The skin is ______ to the bone
Superficial
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The trachea is ______ to the spine
Lateral/anterior
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The shoulder is ______ to the wrist
Proximal
49
The abdomen is also known as
The abdominal region
50
The neck is also known as
The cervical region
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The buttocks is also known as
The gluteal region
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The groin is also known as
The inguinal region
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The lower back is also known as
The lumbar region
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The palm is also known as
The palmar region
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The pelvis is also known as
The pelvic region
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The pubis is also known as
The pubic region
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The sacrum is also known as
The sacral region
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The sternum is also known as
The sternal region
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The chest is also known as
The thoracic region
60
The spinal column is also known as
The vertebral region
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The cheek is also known as
The buccal region
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The skull is also known as
The cranial region
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The head is also known as
The cephalic region
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The forehead is also known as
The frontal region
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The chin is also known as
The mental region
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The nose is also known as
The nasal region
67
The back of the head is also known as
The occipital region
68
The eye is also known as
The ocular region
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The mouth is also known as
The oral region
70
The ear is also known as
The otic region
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The point of the shoulder is also known as
The acromial region
72
The forearm is also known as
The antebrachial region
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The anterior surface of the elbow is also known as
The antecubital region
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The armpit is also known as
The axillary region
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The arm is also known as
The brachial region
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The wrist is also known as
The carpal region
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The fingers (or toes) are also known as
The digital region
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The hand is also known as
The manual region
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The metacarpals (bones of the hand) are also known as
The metacarpal region
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The thumb is also known as
The polled region
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The hip is also known as
The coral region
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The anterior surface of the knee is also known as
The patellar region
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The foot is also known as
The pedal region
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The sole of the foot is also known as
The plantar region
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The posterior surface of the leg is also known as
The sural region
86
The posterior surface of the knee is also known as
The popliteal region
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The ankle is also known as
The tarsal region
88
What is a plane of section?
Standard ways of dividing the body/body part to examine its internal structure
89
Three main planes of section
Sagittal Plane
Frontal/Coronal Plane
Transverse/Horizontal Plane or Cross Section
90
Sagittal Plane
Divides body/body part into left and right sections
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Midsagittal Plane
Divides body/body part into equal left and right sections
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Parasagittal Plane
Divides body/body part into unequal left and right sections
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Frontal/Coronal Plane
Divides body/body part into anterior and posterior sections
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Transverse/Horizontal Plane or Cross Section
Divides body/body part into superior and inferior sections
| - Also divides the appendicular regions into proximal and distal parts
95
What are the two subcavities of the posterior body cavity?
Cranial Cavity
| Vertebral/Spinal Cavity
96
Cranial Cavity
Located within the skull and protects the brain
97
Vertebral/Spinal Cavity
Located within the vertebral column and protects the spinal cord
98
What are the two subcavities of the anterior body cavity?
Thoracic Cavity
Abdominopelvic Cavity
- Separated by the diaphragm
99
Thoracic Cavity Subdivisions
Pleural Cavity
Mediastinum
Pericardial Cavity
100
Abdominopelvic Cavity Quadrants
Right & left upper quadrants
| Right & left lower quadrants
101
Abdominopelvic Cavity Regions
```
Right & left hypochondriac regions
Epigastric region
Right & left lumbar regions
Umbilical region
Right & left iliac region
Hypogastric region
```
102
What are serous membranes?
Thin sheets of tissue that surrounds body cavities, forming a two-layered membrane that is filled with serous fluid
103
Serous membrane function
Lubricate organs in the cavity and prevent friction
104
Explain how serous membranes form certain anterior body cavities
- Forms a sac that produces serous fluid
| - It folds around the certain organ (eg. heart) and forms the (pericardial) cavity
105
Two parts of the serous membrane
Visceral (=organ) layer contacts the organ
| Parietal layer is the outer layer that attaches to surrounding structures
106
What is homeostasis?
The body’s ability to develop and maintain a relatively stable internal environment
107
Why is homeostasis important?
In order for the body to function properly even when subjected to changes in our surrounding environment or diet
108
What is homeostatic imbalance?
Disturbances in homeostasis
| Can result in disease or even death if uncorrected
109
How do negative feedback loops maintain homeostasis?
If one of the body’s regulated variables shifts too far from its normal value, then physiological processes increase/decrease their activity to return it to normal.
A change in a regulated variable in one direction results in actions that cause changes in the variable in the opposite direction -a negative feedback loop
110
How do positive and negative feedback loops differ?
In a negative feedback loop, the effector’s activity shuts off when conditions return to the normal range
(eg. Temperature, blood glucose, blood pressure)
In a positive feedback loop, the effector’s activity increases in response to a stimulus
(eg. Blood clotting, childbirth)
111
How are structure and function related? To what levels of organization does this relationship apply?
The principle of complementarity of structure and function: “Form follows function”
- The structure of any part of the body determines its function
- This principle applies to all levels of organization, even down to the chemical level
112
What is a gradient? What are some examples of gradients?
A gradient is a condition in which more of something exists in one area than in another, and the two areas are connected
(eg. Temperature gradient, concentration gradient, pressure gradient)
113
Why is cell-cell communication important?
Cells in the body must work together in a coordinated fashion to ensure that homeostasis of the entire organism is maintained
114
What are two major methods by which cells communicate?
Electrical signals
| Chemical messengers
115
Electrical signals
Typically are transmitted directly between neighbouring cells
116
Chemical messengers
Can be released from one cell directly onto another cell
Or into the fluid surrounding another cell
Or may reach another cell after traveling through the blood
117
Three main serous membranes
```
Pleural membranes (lungs)
Pericardial membranes (heart)
Peritoneal membranes (abdominal organs)
```
118
The pleural membranes around the lungs consist of
- Parietal Pleura: the outer layer, contacts the thoracic wall
- Pleural Cavity: thin space enclosed by the pleural membranes
- Visceral Pleura: the inner layer, attached to the lungs themselves
119
The pericardial membranes around the heart consist of
- Parietal Pericardium: the outer layer, encircling the heart in the mediastinum
- Pericardial Cavity: the thin space enclosed by the pericardial membranes
- Visceral Pericardium: the inner layer, attached to the heart itself
120
The peritoneal membranes around some abdominal organs (stomach, liver, spleen) consist of
- Parietal Peritoneum: the outer layer
- Peritoneal Cavity
- Visceral Peritoneum: inner layer, contacts the organ
121
Peritoneal Cavity
- Is much larger than either the pleural cavity/pericardial cavity and envelops several organs
- Structures within the “intraperitoneal” space are called the same name
- Kidneys are said to be “retroperitoneal”
