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CSCI 1380 > Chapter 1: Introduction to Computers and Programming > Flashcards

Chapter 1: Introduction to Computers and Programming Flashcards

1
Q

A set of instructions that a computer follows to perform a task. Commonly known as Software.

A

Program

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2
Q

A person who can design, create, and test computer programs. Also known as a software developer.

A

Programmer

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3
Q

The physical devices that make up a computer

A

Hardware

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4
Q

The part of the computer that actually runs program

A

Central Processing Unit (CPU)

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5
Q

CPUs located in small chips

A

Microprocessors

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6
Q

Where the computer stores a program while program is running, and data used by program

A

Main Memory
also called RAM

-CPU is able to quickly access data in RAM
-Volatile memory used for temporary storage while program is running
-Contents are erased when computer is off

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7
Q

Can hold data for long periods of time

A

Secondary Storage

Types of secondary memory:
Disk drive: magnetically encodes data onto a spinning circular disk
Solid state drive: faster than disk drive, no moving parts, stores data in solid state memory
Flash memory: portable, no physical disk

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8
Q

Data the computer collects from people and other devices

A

Input

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9
Q

Component that collects the data

A

Input devices

Ex: keyboard, mouse, touchscreen, scanner, camera

Disk drives can be considered input devices because they load programs into the main memory

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10
Q

Data produced by the computer for other people or devices

A

Output

Ex: video display, printer

Disk drives and USB drives can be considered output devices because data is sent to them to be saved

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11
Q

Everything the computer does is controlled by what?

A

Software

General categories:
Application software
System software

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12
Q

Programs that make computer useful for every day tasks

A

Application software

Ex: word processing, email, games, and Web browsers

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13
Q

Programs that control and manage basic operations of a computer

-Operating system: controls operations of hardware components
-Utility program: performs specific task to enhance computer operation or safeguard data
-Software development tools: used to create, modify, and test software programs

A

System software

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14
Q

How is all computer data stored?

A

In sequences of 0s and 1s

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15
Q

Just enough memory to store letter or small numbers

-divided into eight bits
-The on/off pattern of bits in a byte represents data stored in the byte

A

Byte

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16
Q

Electrical component that can hold positive or negative charge, like on/off switch

A

Bit

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17
Q

What two values does bit represent?

A

0 and 1

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18
Q

What numbering system do computers use?

A

Binary

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19
Q

What are the Byte size limits?

A

0 and 255

0= all bits off
255= all bits on

-To store larger number, use several bytes

20
Q

What is the smallest no-negative number you can store in 1 byte?

A

0

21
Q

What is the largest number you can store in 1 byte?

A

255

22
Q

How must data be stored in computers?

A

Data must be stored as binary number

23
Q

How are characters stored?

A

Characters are converted to numeric code, numeric code is stored in memory

24
Q

What is the most important coding scheme?

A

ASCII

ASCII is limited: defines codes for only 128 characters

25
Q

Compatible with ASCII and can represent characters for other languages

A

Unicode coding

26
Q

How do computers store negative and real numbers?

A

The computer uses binary numbering and encoding schemes

27
Q

How are negative numbers encoded?

A

Using twos complement

28
Q

How are real numbers encoded?

A

Using floating-point notation

29
Q

Describes any device that stores data as binary numbers

A

Digital

30
Q

How are digital images composed?

A

They are composed of pixels

-To store images, each pixel is converted to a binary number representing the pixels color

31
Q

How is digital music composed?

A

It is composed of sections called samples

-To store music, each sample is converted to a binary number

32
Q

What is the CPU program cycle?

A

Fetch, decode, execute

  1. Fetch: read the next instruction from the memory into CPU
  2. Decode: CPU decodes fetched instruction to determine which operation to perform
  3. Execute: perform the operation
33
Q

Uses short words (mnemonics) for instructions instead of binary numbers. Easier for programmers to work with.

A

Assembly language

34
Q

Translates assembly language to machine language for execution by CPU

A

Assembler

35
Q

Close in nature to machine language
Ex: assembly language

A

Low-level language

36
Q

Allows simple creation of powerful and complex programs

-no need to know how CPU works or write large number of instructions
-more intuitive to understand

A

High-level language

37
Q

Predefined words used to write program in high-level language

-each keyword has specific meaning

A

Keywords

38
Q

Perform operations on data

Ex: math operators to perform arithmetic

A

Operators

39
Q

Set of rules to be followed when writing program

A

Syntax

40
Q

Individual instruction used in high-level language

A

Statement

41
Q

Translates high-level language program into separate machine language program

A

Compiler

42
Q

Translates and executes instructions in high-level language program

A

Interpreter

43
Q

Statements (code) written by programmer

A

Source code

44
Q

Prevents code from being translated

A

syntax error

45
Q

-Single program that provides tools to write, execute and test a program
-Runs in interactive mode
-Has built-in test editor with features designed to help write Python programs

A

Integrated Development and Learning Environment (IDLE)

CSCI 1380 (7 decks)

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