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CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION TO MICROBIOLOGY LESSON 1B Flashcards

1
Q

-The most
fundamental branch,
in which organisms
themselves are
examined in-depth.
- Deals with the deeper
study of a group of
microorganisms
to better understand
their characteristics

A

Pure Microbiology

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2
Q

What are the two types of pure microbiology?

A

Taxonomic arrangement and integrative arrangement

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3
Q

Who made taxonomic system?

A

Carolus Linnaeus

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4
Q

Taxonomywhich literally
means “arrangement
law”
▪ Science of classifying
organisms to construct
internationally shared
classification systems
with each organism
placed into more and
more inclusive
groupings

A

TAXONOMIC
ARRANGEMENT

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5
Q

What are the branches of taxonomic arrangement?

A

Bacteriology
Mycology
Protozoology
Parasitology
Nematology
Immunology
Virology
Phycology/Algology

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6
Q

Serving or
intending to
unify separate
system

A

INTEGRATIVE
ARRANGEMENT

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7
Q

What are the branches of integrative arrangement?

A

Microbial Cytology
Microbial Physiology
Microbial Genetics
Microbial Ecology
Cellular Microbiology
Evolutionary Microbiology
Generation Microbiology
Systems Microbiology
Molecular Microbiology
Nano Microbiology
Exo Microbiology or Astro Microbiology
Biological Agents

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8
Q

Study of microscopic and sub microscopic details of microorganisms

A

Microbial Cytology

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9
Q

-Study of how microbial
cells function
biochemically
-Includes the study of
microbial growth,
microbial metabolism
and microbial cell
structure

A

Microbial Physiology

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10
Q

Study of relationships of microorganisms and their environment

A

Microbial Ecology

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11
Q

-Study of how genes are
organized and related in
microbes in relation to
their cellular functions.
-Closely related to the
field of Molecular
Biology

A

Microbial Genetics

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12
Q

A discipline bridging microbiology and cell biology

A

Cellular Microbiology

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13
Q

Study of evolution of
microbes.

A

Evolutionary Microbiology

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14
Q

Under evolutionary microbiology this study of naming and classification of microorganisms

A

Microbial Taxonomy

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15
Q

Under evolutionary microbiology this study of diversity and genetic
relationship of
microorganisms

A

Microbial Systematics

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16
Q

Study of those microorganisms that have the same characters as their parents

A

Generation Microbiology

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17
Q

A discipline bridging systems biology and microbiology

A

Systems Microbiology

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18
Q

Study of molecular principles of the physiological processes of microorganisms

A

Molecular Microbiology

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19
Q

Study of those microorganisms on nano level

A

Nano Microbiology

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20
Q

Study of microorganisms in outer space

A

Exo Microbiology or Astro Microbiology

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21
Q

Study of microorganisms used in weapon industries

A

Biological Agents

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22
Q

Scientific discipline
that deals with the
application of
microorganisms and
the knowledge about
them
▪ Deals with the study of
microorganisms for
the sole purpose of
benefits to humanity

A

APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY

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23
Q

What are the branches of applied microbiology?

A

Pharmaceutical Microbiology
Industrial Microbiology
Microbial Biotechnology
Food Microbiology
Agricultural Microbiology
Medical Microbiology
Aeromicrobiology
or Air Microbiology
Water Microbiology or Aquatic Microbiology
Environmental Microbiology
Veterinary Microbiology

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24
Q

*Study of pathogenic microbes and the
role of microbes in human illness.
* Includes microbial pathogenesis and
epidemiology
* Related to the study of disease
pathology and immunology
* Study of the interactions between men
and the microorganisms in which they
co exist

A

Medical Microbiology

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25
* Study of microorganisms related to the production of antibiotics, enzymes, vitamins, vaccines and other pharmaceutical products and that cause pharmaceutical contamination and spoil.
Pharmaceutical Microbiology
26
* The exploitation of microbes used in industrial processes. * Fermentation, waste water treatment, biotechnology, brewing
Industrial Microbiology
27
*The manipulation of microbes at the genetic and molecular levels to generate useful products.
Microbial Biotechnology
28
* The study of microorganisms causing food spoilage and food borne illness. * Uses microorganisms to produce food as in fermentation.
Food Microbiology
29
* Study of agriculturally relevant microorganisms
Agricultural Microbiology
30
Under Agricultural microbiology this study of interaction between plant microorganisms and plant pathogens.
Plant Microbiology / Plant Pathology
31
Under Agricultural microbiology this study of microorganisms in soil
Soil Microbiology
32
* Study of role of microbes in veterinary medicine or animal taxonomy
Veterinary Microbiology
33
*Study of function and diversity of microbes in their natural environment
Environmental Microbiology
34
*Study of microorganisms found in water
Water Microbiology or Aquatic Microbiology
35
*Study of airborne microorganisms
Aeromicrobiology or Air Microbiology
36
What are the consideration for MICROBIOLOGY LABORATORY SET-UP?
Facility Requirements, Equipments,Supplies and reagent, manpower, license to operate, daily operations
37
What are the facility requirements for microbiology laboratory?
Receiving of specimens and accessioning, Labeling and processing, Staining and light microscopy, Dark room ( for dark-field and fluorescence microscopy), Open benches for routine specimen work up, Waste disposal,Media preparation and glassware wash area, Autoclave room,Reagents / supplies storage area, Donning and Doffing Area,Isolation room (for processing of AFB and fungi), if applicable, Separate rooms or specialized molecular based tests,Space for expansion, if applicable
38
What are the rooms that consider need a separation room?
office,record storage, rest room, lounge/pantry, library/ conference room
39
What are the CDC recommends for space in laboratory?
Recommends200 sq. ft.to accommodate 2 – 3 persons
40
For tertiary laboratory what space is required?
60 square meters
41
What are the other considerations for facility requirements?
-Close proximity of rooms with related functions (waste treatment and wash area). -Offices should be located near the front entrance and away from potentially contaminated and odor producing activities. -Hallways should be at least five feet wide to allow people to pass each other. -Work areas for potentially infectious organisms are located in the most secluded and secured spaces
42
What are the safety considerations?
-Fire extinguishers and blankets should be readily available throughout the work area. -Spill cart should be readily accessible and should contain first aid supplies, PPE and kits to clean up radioactive, acid, alkali, corrosive and infectious materials. -Have automatic fire / smoke detection systems and sprinklers installed. -Follow guidelines in the proper storage of chemicals. -Two means of exit should be planned in case of fire. -All electrical outlets should be grounded. -Emergency shower and eyewash station should be centrally located in the laboratory -Ideally, Emergency shower and eyewash station should be installed 100 feet from each work area. -Laboratory staff should reach the emergency shower and eyewash station in 10 seconds. -Emergency shower and eyewash station should be supplied with cold water
43
Reasons why Emergency Shower and Eyewash Station be supplied with cold water
-Slow the reaction rate of the splashed chemical -Constrict blood vessels and minimize circulation of an absorbed chemical. -Help alleviate the pain of chemical contact -Slow cellular metabolism and enzyme reaction rates
44
What is the wall requirement for micro. laboratory?
Should be painted with epoxy for easy cleaning during spill accidents
45
What is the floor requirement for micro. laboratory?
* Vinyl composition tiles are the most economical and effective floor covering * Coved
46
What is the furniture requirement for micro. lab?
* Flexible furniture systems that can be disassembled and moved * Bench tops should be impervious to water and resistant to acids, alkalis, organic solvents and moderate heat (cast resin, quarried stone, particle board or wood cores with acid resistant plastic laminate surfaces and stainless steel) * Benches have a standard depth of 30 inches
47
What is the ceiling requirement for micro. lab?
* Acoustic tile ceilings are permissible for biosafety level 1 and 2 facilities * Sealed sheetrock or plaster ceilings with three coats of epoxy paint are recommended for biosafety level 3 facilities
48
WHAT ARE THE BASIC MICROBIOLOGY EQUIPMENTS?
Microscope with Oil - immersion objective Staining Rack Bunsen Burner Incubator Drying Oven Autoclave Refrigerator Centrifuge Electric /Loop Incinerator (Bacticinerator) Weighing Scale Biosafety cabinet (Class II Type A) Water Bath Candle Jar Table Lamp Electric/Gas Stove / Magnetic Stirrer Nephelometer Laboratory Thermometer
49
What are the basic microbiology reagents?
Gram Stain Kit Acid Fast Stain Kit 10% KOH Culture Media Biochemical Tests Conventional Method Commercially Prepared Sensitivity Disk/ Antimicrobial Disk Mc Farland Standard (0.5) Control Strains (ATCC) Pseudomonas aeruginosa Staphylococcus aureus Escherichia coli
50
WHAT ARE THE BASIC MICROBIOLOGY SUPPLIES AND GLASSWARES?
Frosted Slides Inoculating Loop / Inoculating Needles Applicator Sticks Filter Paper Swabs Forceps Cover Slips Caliper/Ruler Timer Graduated Cylinder Beaker Petri dish Glass Pipettes Erlenmeyer Flask Aluminum Foil Sterile disposable specimen containers
51
What are the manpower requirements?
* Clinical Pathologist * Medical Technologists * Certificate of training on DSSM for laboratories with AFB services * Certificate of training on Bacteriology (Tertiary category) * Certificate of training on Biosafety and Biosecurity * Duty hours * Minimum of 8 hours * Maximum of 12 hours
52
Work hours and workload requirement for manual testing
* Manual testing: 50 tests/RMT/8 hours * Manual testing: 75 tests/RMT/12 hours
53
Work hours and work load requirement for automated testing
* Automated testing: 100 tests/RMT/8 hours * Automated testing: 150 tests/RMT/12 hours
54
This the Revised Rules and Regulations Governing the Licensure and Regulation of Clinical Laboratories in the Philippines
A.O. 2007-0027
55
What is the purpose of base in the microscope?
*Holds the light source *Supports the rest of the microscope
55
What are the daily operations?
pre-analytic phase, analytic phase, post-analytic phase
56
What is the purpose of illuminator in the microscope?
* Provides the source of light * Located in the base
57
What is the role of coarse adjustment knob?
Allows either the stage or the nosepiece to be slowly raised or lowered to provide initial focusing
58
What is the purpose of fine adjustment knob?
This knob moves the stage slightly to sharpen the image
59
What is the role of Abbe condenser?
* Collects and concentrates light upward through the object on the stage. * Contains iris diaphragm
60
What is the role of diaphragm?
controls the amount of light on the slide/specimen
61
What is the purpose of the arm?
used to support microscope when carried and hold the entire parts
62
What are the purpose of stage?
support the specimen
63
What is the role of nose piece?
Hold the entire objective lens and turn into increase magnification
64
the three lenses with different powers that magnifies the object on the stage 1. 10 X - Low Power Objective, yellow (LPO) 2. 40 X – High Power Objective, blue (HPO) 3. 100 X – Oil Immersion Objective, white (OIO)
Objective lenses
65
* The eyepiece lenses through which the object on stage is viewed. * Can be monocular or binocular. * Usually provide additional magnification of 5 or 10 times.
Ocular lenses / Eyepiece
66
What are the Proper use of Microscopes?
-Do not tilt the microscope, instead, adjust your stool so you can comfortably use the instrument. -Always carry the microscope with two (2) hands. One hand beneath the base and the other hand on the arm of the microscope. -Clean the microscope lenses with lens paper and lens cleaner. Do not use paper towels, they can scratch the lenses. -Do not remove the oculars or any other parts from the body of the microscope. -After using the microscope, place the LPO in line with the ocular, lower the tube to its lowest position, clean the oil from the oil immersion lens with lens paper and lens cleaner. -cover the microscope after use and return to its proper storage place.
67
What are the hints and precautions using microscope?
-Forcing the fine or coarse adjustment knobs beyond their gentle stopping points can render the microscope useless. -The lower the magnification, the less light should be directed upon the object. -The fine adjustment knob should be centered prior to use to allow for maximum adjustment in either direction -If slide is inadvertently placed upside down on the stage, low and high power can be focused but it will be impossible to bring the object into focus using OIO. -Slides should always be placed on and removed from the stage when the low power objective is in place. Removing a slide when the higher objectives are in position may scratch the lenses. -Those who wear eyeglasses to correct near-sightedness or farsightedness need not use their eyeglasses when focusing the microscope. -Those who wear eyeglasses for astigmatism must wear their eyeglasses when focusing the microscope. Microscope cannot correct for astigmatism. -Eyeglasses should not touch the oculars for proper viewing, either the oculars or the eyeglasses might be scratched
68
Proper focusing of microscope
-Secure the LPO in place; make sure it is aligned with the body tube. -Using the coarse adjustment knob, focus the slide preparation. -Adjust the iris diaphragm and condenser to attain light agreeable to the vision of the viewer. -Switch to HPO; make sure it is aligned with the body tube. -Using the fine adjustment knob focus the slide preparation. -Adjust the iris diaphragm and condenser to attain light agreeable to the vision of the viewer. -Without disturbing the stage adjustment, remove the HPO in place and drop immersion oil on the smear area. -Switch to OIO; make sure it is aligned with the body tube. -Using the fine adjustment knob focus the slide preparation. -Adjust the iris diaphragm and condenser to attain light agreeable to the vision of the viewer.

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