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Human Diseases > Chapter 1 - Introduction to Pathophysiology > Flashcards

Chapter 1 - Introduction to Pathophysiology Flashcards

1
Q

Pathophysiology

A

Functional changes in the body that result from disease

Think physiology - study of the function of the body, this is just abnormal function

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2
Q

Pathology

A

Structural changes in the body caused by a disease

Think anatomy - study of the structure, this is just abnormal structure

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3
Q

Homeostasis

A

“The body’s ability to detect change, activate mechanisms that oppose it, and thereby maintain a relatively stable internal environment.” - Saladin pg 15

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4
Q

Feedback loop requirements

A

Set point - “ideal” setting
Sensor - detects changes (actual value of what is being assessed)
Control center - compares the actual value to the set point and activates mechanisms to correct, if necessary
Effector - activated by the control center, will change the actual value to better align with the set point

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5
Q

Negative feedback loop

A

The response from the effector will oppose the change

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6
Q

Positive feedback loop

A

The response from the effector will amplify the change

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7
Q

Health

A

“…a state of complete physical, mental, and social well being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.” - WHO

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8
Q

Disease

A

”…any deviation from the normal structure and function of any part, organ, or system…” – Hubert, et al pg 2

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9
Q

Primary prevention

A

Goal is to protect people from getting the disease or injury in the first place

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10
Q

Secondary prevention

A

Goal is to slow the progress of the disease or injury and to limit disability

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11
Q

Tertiary prevention

A

Goal is to prevent progression and maximize quality of life

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12
Q

Gross level

A

Can be seen with the naked eye

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13
Q

Microscopic level

A

Can’t be seen without aids, ie a microscope

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14
Q

Autopsy

A

To view for oneself. Gross viewing of a body and its parts after death

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15
Q

Biopsy

A

To view life. Excision of small amounts of tissue to be viewed with a microscope

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16
Q

Atrophy

A

Decrease in the size of cells

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17
Q

Hypertrophy

A

Increase in the size of cells

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18
Q

Hyperplasia

A

Increase in the number of cells

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19
Q

Metaplasia

A

One mature cell type is replaced with another mature cell type

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20
Q

Dysplasia

A

Cells vary in size and shape

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21
Q

Anaplasia

A

Undifferentiated cells (immature) with varying nuclear and cell structures

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22
Q

Neoplasia

A

Tumor

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23
Q

Malignant tumor

A

“Cancer.” Usually metastasizes and is more serious

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24
Q

Benign tumor

A

Less serious tumor, usually does not metasize

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25
Apoptosis
Programmed cell death (autodigestion)
26
Necrosis
Non-programmed cell death
27
Pyroptosis
Cell lysis leads to digestive enzymes being released into the cell. Results in inflammation
28
Hypoxia
Reduced oxygen to the cells Severe hypoxia decreases ATP production which leads to decreased function of sodium-potassium pump. Build up of Na in the cell leads to cell swelling and eventual death
29
Ischemia
Decreased supply of blood to an organ or tissue caused by circulatory obstruction
30
Liquefaction necrosis
Dead cells liquefy due to the release of digestive enzymes
31
Coagulative necrosis
Proteins denature which leads to coagulation (when a liquid turns to a solid or semi-solid)
32
Caseous necrosis
Form of coagulative necrosis where a thick, yellow, cheese-like substance forms
33
Fat necrosis
Coagulative necrosis of fat tissue
34
Infarct
Area of dead cells (necrosis) caused by lack of blood
35
Gangrene
Area of necrotic tissue that forms in the limbs due to loss of blood supply Dry - coagulative necrosis Wet - liquefactive necrosis due to bacterial infection Gas - pockets of gas form under the skin due to bacterial metabolism
36
Diagnosis
Identification of a specific disease
37
Etiology
Causative factor(s) in a particular disease
38
Idiopathic
Cause of disease is unknown
39
Iatrogenic
Disease caused by the treatment (doctor, medication, surgery, etc...)
40
Predisposing factor
Tendencies that promote the development of a disease
41
Prevention
The act of preventing or hindering a disease
42
Pathogenesis
How the etiology leads to the anatomical and physiological changes of disease
43
Acute onset
"Sudden, rapid, or unanticipated development of a disease or its symptoms"
44
Insidious onset
"Gradual, very slow onset of disease manifestations"
45
Acute disease
Rapid onset, short duration, usually more severe
46
Chronic disease
Insidious onset, longer duration, and less severe
47
Latent state
No pathological changes are made No clinical symptoms or signs Can emerge to cause disease at a later time
48
Subclinical state
Pathological changes are occurring but not detectable | Changes to minor to present as signs or symptoms
49
Prodromal period
Early development of a disease | Signs and symptoms are non-specific
50
Disease manifestations
Clinical evidence of a disease
51
Symptoms
Subjective feelings of a disease
52
Signs
Objective indicators of a disease
53
Lesion
Specific local changes to a tissue
54
Syndrome
Collection of signs and symptoms that affect more than one organ
55
Remission
Period when manifestations of a disease go away
56
Exacerbation
A worsening in the severity of a disease
57
Precipitating factor
Condition that triggers an acute episode
58
Complications
A new additional problems that arise after the original disease begins
59
Therapy
Measures employed to promote recovery or slow progress
60
Sequela
Unwanted outcome of the primary condition
61
Convalescence
Period of recovery
62
Prognosis
The probability of recovery
63
Morbidity
Disease rates within a group
64
Mortality
Number of deaths resulting from a disease
65
Epidemiology
Tracking patterns or occurrences of a disease
66
Incidence
Number of NEW cases of a disease in a population within a specific time period
67
Prevalence
TOTAL number of cases of a disease within a population within a given time period
68
Endemic
Diseases that are regularly found within a specific population or a specific area
69
Epidemic
Higher than expected number of cases
70
Pandemic
High number of diseases across the globe
71
Communicable disease
Infectious disease that can spread from one person to another
72
Notifiable disease
Infectious disease that must be reported to appropriate health department

Human Diseases (3 decks)

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