Chapter 1-Language Development

Question 1

What is ASHA’s definition of language?

Answer 1

A complex dynamic system of conventional symbols that is use in various modes for though and communication

Question 2

What are the four characteristics of language?

Answer 2

1. Language is system of symbols
2. Shared by members of a community or culture
3. Dynamic
4. A tool for human communication

Question 3

Define morphemes

Answer 3

Smallest units of language that carry meaning: combined to create words

Question 4

Define speech

Answer 4

Neuromuscular process by which we turn language into a sound signal that is transmitted through the air to a receiver

Question 5

Define hearing

Answer 5

Perception of sound;A sensory system that allows speech to enter into and be processed by the human brain

Question 6

Define communication

Answer 6

The process of sharing information among individuals

Question 7

Define model of speech production

Answer 7

Way to represent an unknown even based on the current best evidence governing that event

Question 8

What is the 3 stage process of model of speech production

Answer 8

1. Perceptual target
2. Motor schema
3. Speech output/ongoing feedback

Question 9

Define perceptual target (model of speech)

Answer 9

Abstract representation of speech sounds stream is produced

Question 10

Define motor schema

Answer 10

Neurological brain system produce a rough plan of the abstract representation. General instructions are fed forward in syllable chunks to muscle groups

Question 11

Define speech output/ongoing feedback (model of speech)

Answer 11

Air pressure is modulated as respiratory flow is sent forward. Articulates and oral cavity are manipulate to produce

Question 12

What is acoustics?

Answer 12

Study of sound

Question 13

(Sound fundamentals) What are the 4 acoustic events?

Answer 13

1. Creation of sound source
2. Vibration of air particles
3. Reception by ear
4. Comprehension by brain

Question 14

Frequency/pitch (in terms of vibration in air particles)

Answer 14

How fast the particles move back and forth

Question 15

Intensity/loudness (in terms of air particles vibration

Answer 15

How far apart the parties move when going back and forth

Question 16

How does the brain comprehend sound?

Answer 16

Through the left hemisphere; translates the auditory information sent through the ear and along the auditory nerve

Question 17

Co-articulation

Answer 17

Overlap of phonemes in the produce of strings of speech sounds

Question 18

4 basic processes of communication

Answer 18

Formulation
Transmission
Reception
Comprehension

Question 19

Define formulation (processes of communication)

Answer 19

Pulling together thoughts or ideas for sharing with another

Question 20

Define transmission (communication process)

Answer 20

Conveying ideas to another person

Question 21

Define reception (communication process)

Answer 21

Receiving information from another person

Question 22

Define comprehension (communication process)

Answer 22

Making sense of the message

Question 23

Define symbolic/referential communication

Answer 23

Arbitrary relationship between the entity and its referent

Question 24

Define pre-intentional communication

Answer 24

Relationship between a communicative behavior and its referent is assumed by others

Question 25

Intentional communication/iconic communication

Answer 25

Transparent relationship between the message and its referent

Question 26

Three basic purposes of communication

Answer 26

To request, reject, and comment

Question 27

What makes human communication unique?

Answer 27

Due to its use of language and speech in the communication process

Question 28

Three essential components of communication

Answer 28

1. Sender formulates and sends message 2. Receiver receives message and comprehends message 3. A shared symbolic system

Question 29

3 types of feedback

Answer 29

Linguistic feedback: speaking Non-linguistic/extralinguistic feedback : eye contact, facial expression, posture, proximity Paralinguistic feedback: pitch, loudness, and pausing

Question 30

Define feedback

Answer 30

Information provided by the receiver to sender

Question 31

Seven purposes of communication

Answer 31

``` Instrumental (ask something) Regulatory (give directions) Interactional (interact) Personal (express mind) Heuristic (find out info) Imaginative (tell stories) Informative (provide information) ```

Question 32

What are the 3 domains of language?

Answer 32

Content, form, and use

Question 33

Define content (domains of language)

Answer 33

Meaning of language

Question 34

Define form (domain of language)

Answer 34

How words, sentences, and sounds are organized and arranged to convey content

Question 35

Define use (domain of language)

Answer 35

Draw upon language functionality for meeting personal and social needs

Question 36

Allophones

Answer 36

Subtle variations of phonemes that occur due to contextual influences on how we produce phonemes in different words

Question 37

Phonotactics

Answer 37

Rules governing how sounds are organized in words for each language

Question 38

Morphology

Answer 38

Organization of words

Question 39

Syntax

Answer 39

Organization of sentences

Question 40

Semantics

Answer 40

Meaning of individual words and word combinations

Question 41

Pragmatics

Answer 41

How language is used for social purposes

Question 42

What are five remarkable features of language

Answer 42

``` Rate of acquisition Universality Species-specific Semanticity Productivity ```

Question 43

Define phonology

Answer 43

The rules of language governing the sounds that make syllables and words

Question 44

Acquisition rate

Answer 44

The critical period for language development (birth to puberty)

Question 45

Define universality

Answer 45

Every person across the world have the same cognitive infrastructure to learn language

Question 46

Define semanticity

Answer 46

AKA displacement. There is no time or space boundaries for human language. (For example, someone talks about a cup- and the other person can know what they are talking about without the object being present)

Question 47

Define productivity

Answer 47

Describes the principle of combination of discrete units into seemingly infinite novel creations.

Question 48

Define language differences

Answer 48

Describes the variability among language users

Question 49

Code switching

Answer 49

Interchanges between the syntax and vocabulary of two languages

Question 50

Simultaneous bilingualism

Answer 50

Learn two languages at the same time

Question 51

Sequential bilingualism

Answer 51

Learn language one at a time