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Anatomy Exam 1 > Chapter 1 Lecture > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Lecture Flashcards

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1
Q

Surgical Anatomy:

A

• Studies anatomical landmarks important for

surgical procedures

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2
Q

• Radiographic Anatomy:

A

• The study of anatomical structures with the use of x-rays or ultrasound scans on an intact body

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3
Q

• Cross-sectional Anatomy:

A

• The use of radiographic techniques (CT, MRI, and

spiral scans) to look at cross sections of the body

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4
Q

• Developmental Anatomy:

A

• Examines structural changes over time

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5
Q

• Embryology:

A

• The study of early developmental stages

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6
Q

• Comparative Anatomy:

A

• Considers anatomical similarities and differences

in different types of animals

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7
Q

• Clinical Anatomy:

A

• Focuses on pathological changes during illness

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8
Q

levels of organization

A 
chemical molecular --->
cell--->
tissue--->
organ--->
organ system--->
organism
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9
Q

4 chemicals make up 99% of body

A

hydrogen
carbon
oxygen
nitrogen

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10
Q

major classes of compounds

A

proteins
lipids
water
carbohydrates

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11
Q

• Cell

A
  • The smallest living unit in the body

* Consists or organelles

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12
Q

• Tissue

A

• Many cells and some surrounding material
• Such as: epithelial, muscular, neural, and
connective tissue

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13
Q

• Organ

A
  • Combination of tissues

* For example: the heart consists of epithelial, muscular, neural and connective tissues

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14
Q

• Organ System

A

• Combination of various organs make up a specific
system
• For example: the stomach, small intestine, large
intestine, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas make up
the digestive system
• The heart and blood vessels make up the
cardiovascular system
• Humans are composed of 11 organ systems

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15
Q

integumentary system

A

protection from environmental hazards and temp control

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16
Q

skeletal system

A

support and structure, protection of soft tissues, mineral storage, blood formation

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17
Q

muscular system

A

locomotion, support, heat production

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18
Q

nervous system

A

directing immediate responses to stimuli usually by coordinating the other organ systems

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19
Q

endocrine system

A

directing long term changes in the activities of other organ systems

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20
Q

cardiovascular system

A

internal transport of cells and dissolved materials including nutrients wastes and gases

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21
Q

lymphatic system

A

defense against infection and disease

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22
Q

respiratory system

A

delivery of air to sites where gas exchange can occur between the air and circulating blood

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23
Q

digestive system

A

processing of food and absorption of minerals, vitamins organic nutrients and water

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24
Q

urinary system

A

elimination of excess water, salts and waste products, control of pH

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25
reproductive system
production of sex cells and hormones
26
differentiation
becoming specialized to perform particular functions
27
metabolism
all the chemical reactions in the body
28
catabolism
breakdown of complex molecules
29
anabolism
synthesis of complex molecules
30
nails
protect and stiffen distal tips of digits
31
bone marrow
primary site of blood cell production (red marrow) | storage of energy reserves in fat cells (yellow marrow)
32
skeletal muscles
Provide skeletal movement; control entrances to digestive and respiratory tracts and exits to digestive and urinary tracts; produce heat; support skeleton; protect soft tissues
33
axial muscles
support and position axial skeleton
34
appendicular muscles
support, move and brace limbs
35
central nervous system (CNS)
Acts as control center for nervous system; processes information; provides short-term control over activities of other systems
36
brain
Performs complex integrative functions; | controls both voluntary and autonomic activities
37
spinal chord
Relays information to and from brain; | performs less-complex integrative activities
38
special senses
Provide sensory input to the brain | relating to sight, hearing, smell, taste, and equilibrium
39
Peripheral nervous system (PNS)
Links CNS with other systems and with | sense organs
40
Pineal gland
may control timing of reproduction and set day night rythyms
41
Pituitary gland
controls other endocrine glands: regulates growth and fluid balance
42
thyroid gland
controls tissue metabolic rate, regulates calcium levels
43
parathyroid gland
regulates calcium levels (with thyroid)
44
Thymus
controls maturation of lymphocytes
45
Suprarenal gland
adjust water balance, tissue metabolism, cardiovascular and respiratory activity
46
Kidneys
Control red blood cell production and elevate blood pressure
47
Pancreas endocrine
regulates blood glucose levels
48
Gonads
testes: support male sexual characteristics and reproductive functions ovaries: support female sexual characteristics and reproductive functions
49
Heart
propels blood, maintains blood pressure
50
arteries
carry blood from the heart to the capillaries
51
capillaries
permit diffusion between blood and interstitial fluids
52
veins
return blood from capillaries to the heart
53
lymphatic vessels
Carry lymph (water and proteins) and lymphocytes from peripheral tissues to veins of the cardiovascular system
54
Lymph nodes
Monitor the composition of lymph; engulf | pathogens; stimulate immune response
55
Spleen
Monitors circulating blood; engulfs pathogens and recycles red blood cells; stimulates immune response
56
Thymus
``` Controls development and maintenance of one class of lymphocytes (T cells) ```
57
pharynx respiratory
conducts air to larynx, a chamber shared with digestive tract
58
larynx
protects opening to trachea and contains vocal chords
59
trachea
Filters air, traps particles in mucus, conducts | air to lungs; cartilages keep airway open
60
bronchii
Same functions as trachea; diameter | decreases as branching occurs
61
Lungs
Responsible for air movement during | movement of ribs and diaphragm; include airways and alveoli
62
alveoli
Blind pockets at the end of the smallest branches of the bronchioles; sites of gas exchange between air and blood
63
salivary glands
Provide buffers and lubrication; produce | enzymes that begin digestion
64
pharynx digestive
Conducts solid food and liquids to esophagus; chamber shared with respiratory tract
65
small intestine
Secretes digestive enzymes, buffers, and | hormones; absorbs nutrients
66
Liver
Secretes bile; regulates nutrient | composition of blood
67
gall bladder
Stores and concentrates bile for release | into small intestine
68
Pancreas digestive
Secretes digestive enzymes and buffers; | contains endocrine cells
69
large intestine
Removes water from fecal material; stores | wastes
70
Kidneys urinary
Form and concentrate urine; regulate blood pH and ion concentrations; perform endocrine functions
71
urinary bladder
Stores urine for eventual elimination
72
Epididymis
Acts as site of sperm maturation
73
ductus deferens
Conducts sperm from the epididymis and | merges with the duct of the seminal gland
74
seminal glands
Secrete fluid that makes up much of the | volume of semen
75
prostate gland
Secretes fluid and enzymes
76
scrotum
Surrounds the testes and controls their | temperature
77
uterine tubes
Deliver oocyte or embryo to uterus; normal | site of fertilization
78
uterus
Site of embryonic development and exchange between maternal and fetal bloodstreams
79
labia
Contain glands that lubricate entrance to | vagina
80
supine
lying down face up in the anatomical position
81
prone
lying down face down in the anatomical position
82
Abdominopelvic quadrants
* Right upper quadrant (RUQ) * Left upper quadrant (LUQ) * Right lower quadrant (RLQ) * Left lower quadrant (LLQ)
83
Abdominopelvic regions
* Epigastric * Right hypochondriac * Left hypochondriac * Umbilical * Right lumbar * Left lumbar * Hypogastric * Right inguinal * Left inguinal
84
right upper quadrant (RUQ)
Right lobe of liver, gallbladder, right kidney, portions of stomach, small and large intestine
85
left upper quadrant (LUQ)
Left lobe of liver, stomach, pancreas, left kidney, spleen, portions of large intestine
86
right lower quadrant (RLQ)
``` Cecum, appendix, and portions of small intestine, reproductive organs (right ovary in female and right spermatic cord in male), and right ureter ```
87
left lower quadrant
``` Most of small intestine and portions of large intestine, left ureter, and reproductive organs (left ovary in female and left spermatic cord in male) ```

Anatomy Exam 1 (4 decks)

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