Chapter 2 lecture

Question 1

2 general types of cells in body

Answer 1

body cells

sex cells

Question 2

cytoplasm

Answer 2

cytosol

organelles

Question 3

plasmalemma

Answer 3

cell membrane

Question 4

nonmembranous organelles

Answer 4

cytoskeleton
microvilli
centrioles
flagella
cilia
ribosomes

Question 5

membranous organelles

Answer 5

mitochondria
golgi apparatus
nucleus
lysosomes
peroxisomes
endoplasmic reticulum

Question 6

plasmalemma composition

Answer 6

lipid bilayer containing phospholipids, steroids, proteins and carbohydrates

Question 7

plasmalemma function

Answer 7

isolation, protection, sensitivity, support, control of entrance/exit of materials

Question 8

cytosol composition

Answer 8

fluid component of cytoplasm…may contain inclusions of insoluble materials

Question 9

cytosol function

Answer 9

distributes materials by diffusion, stores glycogen, pigments, and other materials

Question 10

cytoskeleton

Answer 10

-proteins organized in fine filaments or slender tubules

Question 11

cytoskeleton function

Answer 11

strength and support, movement of cellular structures and materials

Question 12

microvilli

Answer 12

membrane extensions containing microfilaments

Question 13

microvilli function

Answer 13

increase surface area to facilitate absorption of extracellular materials

Question 14

Centrosome and centrioles

Answer 14

centrosome is cytoplasm containing two centrioles at right angles. centrioles are made up of nine mictrotubule triplets

Question 15

centrosome and centriole function

Answer 15

essential for movement of chromosomes during cell division; organization of microtubules in cytoskeleton

Question 16

cilia

Answer 16

membrane extensions containing microtubule doublets in a 9+2 array

Question 17

cilia function

Answer 17

movement of materials over cell surface

Question 18

ribosomes

Answer 18

RNA+proteins. attached ribosomes are bound to the endoplasmic riticulum and free ribosomes are scattered throughout cytoplasm

Question 19

Mitochondria

Answer 19

double membrane with inner membrane folds (Cristae) inclosing metabolic enzymes. produce 95% of the ATP required by cell

Question 20

Nucleus

Answer 20

Nucleoplasm containing nucleotides, enzymes, nucleoproteins, and chromatin; surrounded by a double layered membrane (nuclear envelope) containing nuclear pores.

controls metabolism; storage and processing of genetic information; control of protein synthesis

Question 21

nucleolus

Answer 21

Dense region in the nucleoplasm containing DNA and RNA. site of rRNA synthesis and assembly of ribosomal structures

Question 22

endoplasmic reticulum

Answer 22

Network of membranous channels extending throughout cytoplasm.

Synthesis of secretory products; intrcellular storage and transport

Question 23

rough endoplasmic reticulum

Answer 23

has ribosomes bound to membranes

modification and packaginf od newly synthesized proteins

Question 24

smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Answer 24

lacks attached ribosomes

lipid, steroid, and carbohydrate synthesis; calcium ion storage, detoxification of toxins

Question 25

lysosome

Answer 25

vesicles containing digestive enzymes intracellular removal of damaged organelles of pathogens fuse with phagosomes to digest solid materials recycle damaged organelles

Question 26

Peroxisomes

Answer 26

vesicles containing degradative enzymes. consist of catalase abundant in liver cells convert hydrogen peroxide to water and oxidants catabolism of fats and other organic compounds; neutralization of toxic compounds generated in the process.

Question 27

plasmalemma

Answer 27

``` a cell membrane composed of phospholipids glycolipids protein cholesterol ```

Question 28

functions of plasmalemma

Answer 28

physical isolation regulation of exchange with the environment (permeability) sensitivity cell to cell communication/adhesion/structural support

Question 29

phospholipid bilayer structure

Answer 29

hydrophobic heads at the surfaces (inside and outside linings) hydrophilic fatty acids (tails) face towards each other outer layer consists of glycolipids and glycoproteins glycolipids and glycoproteins form a glycocalyx coating inner layer does not consist of glycolipids or glycoproteins

Question 30

protein molecules in plasmalemma

Answer 30

peripheral proteins: attached to the glycerol portions of the fatty acids integral proteins: embedded within the cell membrane and form channels such as gated channels that open and close

Question 31

sterol molecules in plasmalemma

Answer 31

function to maintain fluidity of the membrane. cholesterol is an example

Question 32

membrane permeability of the plasmalemma

Answer 32

passive processes: diffusion, osmosis, facilitative diffusion active processes: active transport, endocytosis, exocytosis

Question 33

diffusion

Answer 33

passive process. movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to low concentration. permeability, concentration gradient, molecule size and charge, temperature affect the rate of movement. small inorganic ions and small molecules are involved

Question 34

osmosis

Answer 34

passive process. movement of water molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration. only water molecules are involved permeability, concentration gradient, and opposing pressure affect the rate of movement

Question 35

facilitated diffusion

Answer 35

passive process. solutes are passively transported by a carrier protein concentration gradient, size and charge of the solute, temp, and number of carrier proteins affect the rate of movement glucose and amino acids are involved

Question 36

active transport

Answer 36

active process. solutes are actively transported by a carrier protein ragardless of the concentration gradient ATP, number of carrier proteins affect the rate of movement sodium, potassium, calcium, and magnesium ions are involved

Question 37

exchange pumps

Answer 37

carrier proteins that move one solute in one direction and another solute in the opposite direction

Question 38

sodium potassium exchange pump

Answer 38

for each molecule of ATP consumed, three sodium ions are ejected from the cell and two potassium ions are reclaimed from the extracellular fluid

Question 39

endocytosis

Answer 39

active process. pinocytosis: vesicles bring small molecules into the cell phagocytosis: vesicles bring solid particles into the cell.

Question 40

exocytosis

Answer 40

active process. the release of intracellular material to the extracellular area. requires ATP and calcium ions for movement fluid and cellular waste and secretory products are involved

Question 41

microvilli

Answer 41

fingerlike projections of the plasmalemma. absorb material from the ECF increase surface area of the plasmalemme microvilli can bend back and forth ina waving manner helping to circulate extracellular fluid and helping to absorb nutrients

Question 42

cytoplasm

Answer 42

term for all of the intracellular material. cytosol-consists of Intracellular fluid and nutrients, protein and waste products organelles- intracellular structures that perform specific functions

Question 43

cytoskeleton structure

Answer 43

consists of microfilaments intermediate filaments thick filaments microtubules

Question 44

cytosol

Answer 44

* Contains a higher concentration of potassium ions and a lower concentration of sodium ions as compared to the ECF * Consists of a net negative charge * Contains a high concentration of protein * Contains a small quantity of carbohydrates * Contains a large reserve of amino acids and lipids * Contains large amounts of inclusions

Question 45

microfilaments

Answer 45

consist of actin protein anchor cytoskeleton to integral proteins stabilize the position of membrane proteins anchor plasmalemma to cytoplasm produce movement of the cell or a change in cell's shape

Question 46

intermediate filaments

Answer 46

provide strength stabilize organelle position transport material within the cytosol

Question 47

thick filaments

Answer 47

consist of myosin protein | found in muscle cells; involved in muscle contraction

Question 48

microtubules

Answer 48

composed of tubulin protein Involved in the formation of centrioles •perform a function during cell reproduction •Involved in moving duplicated chromosomes to opposite poles of the cell •perform a function during cell reproduction •Involved in anchoring organelles •Involved in moving cell organelles •Involved in moving the entire cell •Involved in moving material across the surface of the cell

Question 49

microtubules examples

Answer 49

cilia flagella centrioles

Question 50

mitochondria structure

Answer 50

consist of cristae consist of mitochondrial matrix produce ATP

Question 51

chromosomes

Answer 51

DNA wrapped around proteins called histones. when coiling becomes tighter as cells are preparing to divide, structures called chromosomes become apparent. Consists of two sister chromatids attached at a single point the centromere.

Question 52

chromatin

Answer 52

loosely coiled DNA in non dividing cells

Question 53

kinetochore

Answer 53

area of the centromere where spindle fibers attach during mitosis

Question 54

golgi apparatus

Answer 54

synthesis and packaging of secretions packaging of enzymes (modifies protein) renewal and modification of the plasmalemma

Question 55

autolysis

Answer 55

when lysosomes rupture, killing the entire cell