Chapter 1: Major Themes of Anatomy and Physiology

Question 1

Anatomy

Answer 1

The study of structure.

Question 2

Physiology

Answer 2

The study of function.

Question 3

Anatomy and physiology are complementary

Answer 3

They are never entirely separable

Question 4

What are the 4 ways we physically study the human body?

Answer 4

Inspection (Looking)
Palpation (Touching)
Ausculation (Listening)
Percussion (Looking, touching, and listening)

Question 5

Radiology

Answer 5

The branch of medicine concerned with medical imaging

Question 6

Gross anatomy

Answer 6

structure that can be seen with the naked eye

Question 7

Histology

Answer 7

microscopic anatomy

Question 8

Histopathology

Answer 8

the microscopic examination of tissues for disease

Question 9

Cytology

Answer 9

the study of the structure and function of individua cells

Question 10

Ultrastructure

Answer 10

fine detail, down to the molecular level, revealed by the electron microscope.

Question 11

(Much of what we know about bodily function has been gained through) comparative physiology

Answer 11

Study of different species to learn about bodily functions

Comparative physiology is the basis for the development of new drugs and medical procedures.

Question 12

Francis Bacon and Rene Descartes are the people who invented…

Answer 12

The Scientific Method

Question 13

A proof in science requires…

Answer 13

Reliable observations
Has been tested and confirmed repeated
Not falsified by any credible observation

Question 14

In science all truth is ____

Answer 14

tentative

“proof beyond reasonable doubt”

Question 15

Falsifiability

Answer 15

if we claim something is scientifically true,
then we must be able to specify what evidence it would
take to prove it wrong

Question 16

Inductive Method

Answer 16

First prescribed by Bacon,

Is a process of making numerous observations until one feels confident in drawing generalizations and predictions from them

What we know about anatomy is from the inductive method

Question 17

Hypothetico-Deductive Method steps

Answer 17

1. Ask a question
2. Formulate a hypothesis
3. Experiment
4. Analyze data
5. Share results with peers
6. Conduct more research

Question 18

Two Different Approaches to the Scientific Method

Answer 18

Hypothetico-Deductive Method
AND
Inductive Method

Question 19

Reductionism

Answer 19

theory that a large, complex system such as the human
body can be understood by studying its simpler
components

Question 20

Holism

Answer 20

there are ‘emergent properties’ of the whole organism
that cannot be predicted from the properties of the
separate parts

Question 21

Starting from the smallest unit and going to the largest unit, what is the the order of the Hierarchy of Complexity

Answer 21

Atom
Molecules
Organelles
Cells
Tissue
Organ
Organ System
Organism

Question 22

How many organ systems are there? What are they?

Answer 22

11

Integumentary
Skeletal
Muscular
Nervous
Endocrine
Cardiovascular
Lymphatic (Immune)
Respiratory
Digestive
Urinary
Reproductive

Question 23

What is homeostasis? (The answer is the first part of the homeostasis paragraph we were told to memorize for unit 1)

Answer 23

Homeostasis is the ability of a system to resist change. In the human body, our organs function to resist change in the internal environment, the interstitial fluid surrounding our cells.

Question 24

What is the purpose of homeostasis?

Answer 24

To create a stable internal environment around our cells

Question 25

Feedback loop

Answer 25

Mechanisms that make adjustments to maintain homeostasis.

Question 26

Interstitial space

Answer 26

The gel state around our cells

Question 27

What is the relationship between cells and organs?

Answer 27

Nutrients must be brought to the cells, moved into the cells, metabolism occurs, waste products secreted out of cells space and excreted from body.

Question 28

What are the 3 components of a feedback loop?

Answer 28

Receptor Integrating Center Effector

Question 29

What is another name for the Integrating Center step in a feedback loop?

Answer 29

Control center

Question 30

Receptor

Answer 30

Senses change in the body. Detects a stimulus

Question 31

Stimulus

Answer 31

Change in the internal environment

Question 32

Integrating Center (Control Center)

Answer 32

control center that processes the sensory information, ‘makes a decision’, and directs the response

Question 33

Effector

Answer 33

carries out the final corrective action to restore homeostasis

Question 34

The hypothalamus is the "boss" for both the

Answer 34

ANS and the endocrine system

Question 35

Dynamic equilibrium

Answer 35

State of the body fluctuates within limited range around a set point

Question 36

Loss of homeostasis causes

Answer 36

illness and/or death

Question 37

Homeostasis is the foundation of _____

Answer 37

medicine

Question 38

What parts of the brain deal with the relationship between stress and homeostasis?

Answer 38

My understanding of this is that the cerebral cortex understands that you are stressed and it sends a signal to the hypothalamus (a part of the brain that deals with the endocrine and autonomic nervous system). The hypothalamus sends out signals to the body to release hormones (endocrine system) and to regulate homeostasis by raising or lowering blood pressure, heart rate, etc. (autonomic nervous system)

Question 39

Negative Feedback Loop

Answer 39

AC unit example Helps to return the variable to the “set point” This is Dynamic equilibrium Almost everything in your physiology is maintained within a “normal range”

Question 40

Positive Feedback Loops

Answer 40

Described as a “Self-amplifying event” Stimulus ---> Response ---> Stimulus ---> Response ---> occurs with childbirth, blood clotting, protein digestion, fever, and the generation of nerve signals

Question 41

Which is more dangerous, Negative or Positive Feedback Loop?

Answer 41

Positive Feedback Loops A fever is a good example of this

Question 42

Evolution

Answer 42

change in genetic composition in a population of an organisms over time

Question 43

Natural Selection

Answer 43

some individuals within a species have hereditary advantage over their other species

Question 44

selection pressures

Answer 44

natural forces that promote the reproductive success of some individuals more than others // adaptation

Question 45

Who was the founder of classical genetics?

Answer 45

Gregor Mendel Deduced that genes come in pairs and are inherited as distinct units

Question 46

What sparked modern molecular biology?

Answer 46

The discovery in 1953 of the double helix twisted-ladder like structure of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

Question 47

Epigenetics

Answer 47

The study of heritable phenotype changes that do not involve alterations in the DNA sequence Another definition for it: “stably heritable phenotype resulting from changes in a chromosome without alterations in the DNA sequence"