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A&P : Unit 1 > Chapter 5.2 : The Four Tissue Types > Flashcards

Chapter 5.2 : The Four Tissue Types Flashcards

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1
Q

What is tissue?

A

a group of similar cells
– arise from the same region of the embryo
– a tissue type has cells with similar structure and function
– tissue types work together to perform a specific physiological function within
an organ.

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2
Q

What are the four tissue types?

A

epithelial / muscle / nervous / connective

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3
Q

The four primary tissues differ from one another by

A

– function of their cells and the form of the matrix
– the type of the matrix (material made by cells and secreted outside of the cell’s plasma membrane) will determine the characteristic of the tissue.
– The ratio between cell and matrix volumes helps to define the tissue type // amount of space occupied by the cell and its matrix

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4
Q

Nervous tissue

A

Internal communication

  • Brain
  • Spinal cord
  • Nerves
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5
Q

Muscle tissue

A

Contracts to cause movement

  • Muscles attached to bones (skeletal)
  • Muscles of heart (cardiac)
  • Muscles of walls of hollow organs (smooth)
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6
Q

Epithelial tissue

A

Forms boundaries between different environments, protects, secretes, absorbs, filters

  • Lining of digestive tract organs and other hollow organs
  • Skin surface (epidermis)
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7
Q

Connective tissue

A

Supports, protects, binds other tissues together

  • Bones
  • Tendons
  • Fat and other soft padding tissue
  • Blood
  • Fat
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8
Q

Epithelial forms the ____ and ______ of the body

A

forms the coverings and linings of the body

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9
Q

Muscle tissue is _______ & able to _____

A

excitable ; shorten

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10
Q

What are the types of muscle tissue

A

skeletal, smooth, cardiac

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11
Q

Connective tissue

A

most abundent & varied tissue type

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12
Q

Connective tissue types:

A

– Fibrous loose (areolar and reticular)
– Fibrous dense (regular or irregular)
– Fibroblasts – cell type
– Adipose – cell type
– Bone – a connective tissue type
– Blood – a connective tissue type
– Cartilage (hyaline / elastic / fibrous)

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13
Q

Nervous

A

excitable tissue & voluntary or involuntary

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14
Q

The four primary tissues differ from one another by

A

– function of their cells and the form of the matrix
– the type of the matrix (material made by cells and secreted outside of the cell’s plasma membrane) will determine the characteristic of the tissue.
– The ratio between cell and matrix volumes helps to define the tissue type // amount of space occupied by the cell and its matrix

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15
Q

matrix is composed of

A

“hydrated” fibrous proteins /// clear gel substance (the
“glue” that holds cells together)

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16
Q

Matrix also called:

A
  • ground substance
  • tissue fluid
  • extracellular fluid (ECF)
  • interstitial fluid
  • tissue gel
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17
Q

apical

A

upper surface usually exposed to the
environment or an internal space in the body

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18
Q

basal surface

A

the part of the cell that attaches to the basement membrane

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19
Q

Epithelial Tissue make up most ___

A

glands

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20
Q

Epithelial Tissue is avascular

A

tissue allows no room for
blood vessels

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21
Q

Under the basement membrane of the epithelial tissue is ____

A

Loose connective tissue

provide blood vessels for nutrient procurement and
waste removal

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22
Q

Basal lamina

A

produced by epithelial cells

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23
Q

Reticular lamina

A

produced by fibroblast

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24
Q

diabetes mellitus

A

basement membrane thickens – this reduces diffusion
between dermis and epithelium

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25
Basement membrane
matrix layer between epithelial tissue and the underlying connective tissue anchors the epithelium to the connective tissue below it
26
Epithelial tissue has two “sides”
basal surface and apical surface
27
basal surface
surface of an epithelial cell that faces the basement membrane
28
apical surface
surface of an epithelial cell that faces away from the basement membrane
29
Simple epithelium
contains one layer of cells – all cells touch the basement membrane
30
Stratified epithelium
– contains more than one layer – named by shape of apical cells – some cells rest on top of others and they do not touch basement membrane
31
What is a goblet cell?
unicellular gland /// wine glass shaped mucus secreting cells found in simple columnar and pseudostratified epithelia
32
Simple Squamous Epithelium
endothelium, and serosa
33
Simple Cuboidal Epithelium
bronchioles, and kidney tubules
34
Simple Columnar Epithelium
lining of GI tract
35
Pseudostratified Epithelium
respiratory tract
36
Stratified Epithelia (most widespread epithelium in the body)
cells resting directly on other cells deepest layers undergo continuous mitosis
37
two kinds of stratified squamous epithelia
keratinized and nonkeratinized
38
keratinized
found on skin surface, abrasion resistant
39
nonkeratinized
lacks surface layer of dead cells (e.g. lining of mouth and vagina)
40
Keratinized Stratified Squamous
Cutaneous membrane (i.e. skin)
41
Nonkeratinized Stratified Squamous
adult vagina, oral cavity, esophagus * note: prior to puberty lining of vagina is simple nonkeratinized epithelium
42
Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium
sweat gland ducts
43
Transitional Epithelium
ureter and bladder * multilayered epithelium surface cells that change from round to flat when stretched * allows for filling of urinary tract
44
Four types of epithelial membranes
– cutaneous membrane (covered in Chapter 5) – serous membrane (serosa) – mucous membrane (mucosa) – synovial membrane (not a true epithelial cell line)
45
Synovial membrane
lines joint cavities cells which form this membrane are not epithelial but connective tissue cells
46
Mucous Membranes (The Mucosa) consists of three layers:
* epithelium * lamina propria – areolar connective tissue * muscularis mucosae – smooth muscle layer
47
Serous membrane (serosa)
internal membrane simple squamous epithelium over areolar tissue produces serous fluid that arises from blood covers organs and lines walls of body cavities
48
What is a gland?
A gland may be a single cell or a group of cells Glands releases substance onto a free surface (i.e. exocrine) or into the blood (i.e. endocrine) composed of epithelial tissue
49
merocrine glands
AKA eccrine cell's secretion delivered to surface by way of a duct
50
endocrine glands
secretory product is a molecule which is released into the blood
51
hormones
Cell's secretory product / messenger molecule
52
unicellular glands
found in epithelium that is predominantly non-secretory tissue – can be endocrine or exocrine – mucus-secreting goblet or endocrine cells of stomach and small intestine
53
Goblet Cells Are ____Gland
Unicellular
54
Exocrine Gland Secretions
serous glands and mucous glands Serous membranes secret things from tiny wholes like tears milk etc.
55
How do vfdc glands excrete their product.
56
How do Merocrine glands excrete their product. (AKA ____?)
Cell product excreted by exocytosis
57
How do Apocrine glands excrete their product.
pinches off part of the cells cytoplasm to release secretion
58
How do Holocrine glands excrete their product.
Cells accumulate a product and then the entire cell disintegrates
59
Connective Tissue Has Many Functions. What are they
binding of organs, support, physical protection, immune protection, movement, storage, heat production, transport
60
Connective Tissue
binds organs to each other // support and protect organs
61
connective tissue cells usually occupy ___space than the _____ material
less ; extracellular
62
Connective Tissue is the “highway” used by ___ to transit the human body (endoreticular system)
WBC
63
Connective Tissue are constructed by
cells, extracellular fibers, and matrix
64
fibroblasts
produce different types of fibers (e.g. collagen, elastic, reticular) and ground substance
65
adipocytes
store triglycerides (fat molecules)
66
Collagenous fibers
most abundant of the body’s proteins – 25%
67
Connective Tissue Fibers
reticular fibers, elastic fibers,
68
Ground Substance
(part of the matrix / CT fibers embedded in GS)
69
Hyaluronic acid
a type of GAG nicknamed - “the glue that holds our cells together”
70
loose connective tissue
either as areolar or reticular
71
dense regular
(tendons & ligaments)
72
dense irregular
(forms sheets which surround organs or structured as 3D tissue as in the dermis)
73
Areolar CT (fibrous loose)
underlies all epithelia, between muscles loosely organized fibers, abundant blood vessels, and a lot of seemingly empty space
74
Reticular CT
stroma (framework) for lymphatic organs
75
Adipose Tissue
cushions organs fat
76
white fat
stores energy and used to make ATP for cellular work
77
brown fat
– in fetuses, infants, children – converted directly into heat // not used to do cellular work
78
adipocytes
the dominant cell type
79
space between adipocytes is occupied by areolar tissue, reticular tissue, and blood capillaries
areolar tissue
80
fat is the body’s primary ____________ /// also provides ________
energy reservoir ; thermal insulation
81
Cartilage is produced by
chondrocytes
82
types of cartilage vary with fiber types
– hyaline cartilage – fibrocartilage – elastic cartilage
83
Does cartilage have blood vessels?
no
84
intercellular junctions
connections between cells

A&P : Unit 1 (11 decks)

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