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Anatomy & Physiology > Chapter 1: Major Themes of Anatomy and Physiology > Flashcards

Chapter 1: Major Themes of Anatomy and Physiology Flashcards

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1
Q

4 ways of examining structure of the human body

A
  • Inspection
  • Palpation
  • Auscultation
  • Percussion
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2
Q

Cutting and separation of tissues to reveal their relationships

A

Cadaver Dissection

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3
Q

Study of more than one species in order to examine structural similarities and differences and to analyze evolutionary trends

A

Comparative anatomy

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4
Q

Opening of the body to look inside

A

Exploratory Surgery

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5
Q

Viewing inside the body without surgery

A

Medical Imaging

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6
Q

Branch of medicine concerned with imaging

A

Radiology

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7
Q

Study of structures that can be seen with naked eye

A

Gross Anatomy

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8
Q

Study of structure and function of cells

A

Cytology

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9
Q

Study of tissues and examination of cells with microscope

A

Histology (Microscopic Anatomy)

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10
Q

Molecular detail seen in electron microscope

A

Ultrastructure

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11
Q

Microscope examination of tissues for signs of disease

A

Histopathology

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12
Q

Subdisciplines of physiology

A
  • Neurophysiology
  • Endocrinology
  • Pathophysiology
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13
Q

Type of physiology that is the study of different species to learn about bodily function and is the basis for the development of new drugs and medical procedures

A

Comparative physiology

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14
Q

Greek physician who established a code of ethics also known as the “father of medicine”

A

Hippocrates

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15
Q

Published the first atlas of anatomy in 1543

A

Andreas Vesalius

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16
Q

First to see and named ‘cells’ Also made many improvements to compound microscope and his microscopes magnified only 30x.

A

Robert Hooke

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17
Q

Physician to the Roman gladiators who wrote the most influential medical textbook

A

Galen

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18
Q

Invented a simple (single-lens) microscope with great magnification to look at fabrics (200x) and also published his observations of blood, lake water, sperm, bacteria from tooth scrapings, and many other things.

A

Antony van Leeuwenhoek

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19
Q

First tenet of cell theory which was considered as the most important breakthrough in biomedical history,

A

Matthias Schleiden and Theodor Schwann

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20
Q

Hierarchy of complexity

A
  • Organism
  • Organ System
  • Organ
  • Tissues
  • Cells
  • Organelles
  • Molecules
  • Atoms
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21
Q

Characteristics of life

A
  • Organization
  • Cellular composition
  • Metabolism
  • Responsiveness and movement
  • Homeostasis
  • Reproduction
  • Evolution
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22
Q

The body’s ability to detect change, activate mechanisms that oppose it, and thereby maintain relatively stable internal conditions

A

Homeostasis

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23
Q

When the body senses a change and activates mechanisms to reverse it.

A

Negative feedback loop

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24
Q

Self amplifying cycle that leads to a greater change in the same direction; feedback loop is repeated.

A

Positive feedback loop

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25
3 Components of a feedback loop
* Receptor * Integrating Control Center * Effector
26
Penetrate tissues to darken photographic film beneath the body, dense tissue appears white, over half of all medical imaging, and until 1960s, it was the only method widely available.
X-rays
27
Injected or swallowed, fill hollow structures such as blood vessels or intestinal tract.
Radiopaque substances
28
Low intensity X rays and computer analysis, slice type image, and increased sharpness of image. Formerly called CAT scan.
Computed Tomography (CT scan)
29
Assesses metabolic state of tissue
Positron Emission Tomography (PET scan)
30
Slice type image Superior quality to CT scan Best for soft tissue
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
31
Uses high-frequency sound waves that echo back from internal organs, avoids harmful x rays, is second oldest and second most widely used but the image is not very sharp
Sonography
32
Anatomical Position
Person stands erect Feet flat on floor Arms at sides Palms, face, and eyes facing forward
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Supination
Palms face forward or upward Radius and Ulna are parallel
34
Pronation
Palms face rearward or downward Radius and Ulna are crossed
35
Implies actual cut or slice to reveal internal anatomy
Sectional
36
Implies an imaginary flat surface passing through the body
Plane
37
Plane that passes vertically through the body/organ and divides it into left and right portions
Sagittal/Median
38
Plane that divides body or organ into two equal halves
Midsaggital
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Plane that extends vertically but is perpendicular to the sagittal plane and divides the body into anterior and posterior portions
Frontal/Coronal
40
Plane that passes across the body or an organ perpendicular to its long axis; it divides the body or organ into superior and inferior portions
Transverse/Horizontal
41
Anterior/Ventral
Toward the front or belly
42
Posterior/Dorsal
Towards the back or spine
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Superior
Above
44
Inferior
Below
45
Cranial/Cephalic
Toward the head or superior head
46
Lateral
Away from the median plane
47
Proximal
Closer to the point of attachment
48
Distal
Farther away from the point of attachment or origin
49
Medial
Toward the middle (median plane)
50
Caudal
Toward the tail or inferior end
51
Deep
Farther from the body surface
52
Superficial
Closer to the body surface
53
Axial
Relating to head, neck, and trunk; the axis of the body
54
Appendicular
Relating to the limbs and their attachments to the axis
55
Abdominal
Pertaining to the anterior body trunk region inferior to the ribs
56
Acromial
Pertaining to the point of the shoulder
57
Antebrachial
Pertaining to the forearm
58
Cubital
Pertaining to the anterior surface of the elbow
59
Axillary
Pertaining to the armpit
60
Brachial
Pertaining to the arm
61
Buccal
Pertaining to the cheek
62
Carpal
Pertaining to the wrist
63
Cephalic
Pertaining to the head
64
Cervical
Pertaining to the neck region
65
Coxal
Pertaining to the hip
66
Crural
Pertaining to the leg
67
Digital
Pertaining to the fingers or toes
68
Femoral
Pertaining to the thigh
69
Fibular/Peroneal
Pertaining to the side of the leg
70
Frontal
Pertaining to the forehead
71
Inguinal
Pertaining to the groin
72
Mental
Pertaining to the chin
73
Nasal
Pertaining to the nose
74
Oral
Pertaining to the mouth
75
Orbital
Pertaining to the eye socket
76
Palmar
Pertaining to the palm of the hand
77
Patellar
Pertaining to the anterior knee region (knee cap)
78
Pedal
Pertaining to the foot
79
Pelvic
Pertaining to the pelvis region
80
Pubic
Pertaining to the genital region
81
Sternal
Pertaining to the sternum
82
Tarsal
Pertaining to the ankle region
83
Thoracic
Pertaining to the chest
84
Umbilical
Pertaining to the naval
85
Calcaneal
Pertaining to the heel of the foot
86
Gluteal
Pertaining to the buttocks
87
Lumbar
Pertaining to the area of the back between the ribs and hips
88
Perineal
Pertaining to the region between the anus and external genitalia
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Plantar
Pertaining to the sole of the foot
90
Popliteal
Pertaining to the back of the knee
91
Sacral
Pertaining to the region between the hips (overlying the sacrum)
92
Scapular
Pertaining to the scapula or shoulder blade area
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Sural
Pertaining to the calf
94
Vertebral
Pertaining to the spinal column
95
Nuchal
Pertaining to the back of the neck
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Dorsum
Pertaining to the back
97
Interscapular
Pertaining to the area between the scapula or shoulder blades
98
9 Regions of the abdomen
* Right and Left Hypochondriac * Region Epigastric Region * Left and Right Lumbar Region * Umbilical Region * Right and Left Inguinal Region * Hypogastric Region
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4 Quadrants of the abdomen
* Left Lower Quadrant (LLQ) * Left Upper Quadrant (LUQ) * Right Lower Quadrant (RLQ) * Right Upper Quadrant (RUQ)
100
What cavity is this? What is included in this cavity?
Abdominal Cavity * Digestive organs-stomach, spleen, liver, intestines, gallbladder, pancreas, kidneys, ureters * Suprarenal glands * Abdominal aorta * Inferior vena cava * Lumbar nerve plexus
101
What cavity is this? What is included in this cavity?
Pericardial Cavity * Heart
102
What cavity is this? What is included in this cavity?
Vertebral Cavity * Spinal cord * Meninges * Spinal nerve roots * Blood vessels * Fat
103
What cavity is this? What is included in this cavity?
Cranial cavity * Brain * Meninges * Cerebral Spinal Fluid (CSF)
104
What cavity is this? What is included in this cavity?
Pelvic Cavity * Urinary bladder * Urethra * Rectum * Reproductive organs-ovaries, uterus, vagina, prostate, and seminal glands * Loops of small intestine * Inferior part of Sigmoid colon
105
What cavity is this? What is included in this cavity?
Abdominalpelvic Cavity * Organs of the abdominal and pelvic cavity
106
What cavity is this? What is included in this cavity?
Mediastinum * Heart * Major blood vessels * esophagus * trachea * bronchi * thymus * thoracic duct * pericardium * thoracic aorta
107
What cavity is this? What is included in this cavity?
Thoracic Cavity * Pleural cavites-Lungs * Pericardial cavity-Heart * Mediastinum-Heart, major blood vessels, esophagus, trachea, bronchi, and thymus
108
What cavity is this? What is included in this cavity?
Pleural cavity * Lungs
109
Ventral Cavity
* Thoracic cavity * Abdominalpelvic cavity
110
Dorsal Cavity
* Cranial Cavity * Vertebral Cavity
111
11 Organ Systems
* Integumentray System * Skeletal System * Muscular System * Nervous System * Endocrine System * Circulatory System * Lymphatic System * Respiratoty System * Urinary System * Digestive System * Reproductive System
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What organ systems are involved in protection, support, and movement?
* Integumentary System * Skeletal System * Muscular System
113
What organ systems are involved in internal communications and integration?
* Nervous System * Endocrine System
114
What organ systems are involved in fluid transport?
* Circulatory System * Lymphatic System
115
What organ system is involved in defense?
* Lymphatic System (Immune System)
116
What organ systems are involved in input and output?
* Respiratory System * Urinary System * Digestive System
117
What organ systems are involved in reproduction?
* Male and Female Reproductive system
118
The function of this organ system is production and delivery of sperm and secretion of sex hormones.
Male reproductive system
119
Principle functions of this organ system are production of eggs, site of fertilization and fetal development, fetal nourishment, birth, lactation, and secretion of sex hormones.
Female reproductive system
120
Priniciple functions of this organ system include: elimination of wastes, regulation of blood volume and pressure, stimulation of red blood cell formation, control of fluid, electolyte and acid-base balance, and detoxification.
Urinary System
121
Priniciple functions of this organ system include: recovery of excess tissue fluid, setection of pathogens, production of immune cells, and defense against disease.
Lymphatic System
122
Principle functions of this organ system include: Protection, water retention, thermoregulation, vitamin D synthesis, cutaneous sensation, and nonverbal communication.
Integumentary System
123
Principle functions of this organ system include: support, movement, pretoective enclosure of viscera, blood formation, mineral storage, electrolye and acid-base balance.
Skeletal System
124
Principle functions of this organ system include: absorption of oxygen, discharge of carbon dioxide, acid-base balance, and speech.
Respiratory System
125
Principle functions of this organ system include: nutrient breakdown and absorption. Liver functions include metabolism of carbs, lipids, proteins, vitamins and minerals, synthesis of plasma proteins, disposal of drugs, toxins, and hormones, and cleansing of blood.
Digestive System
126
Principle functions of this organ system include: rapid internal communication, coordination, motor control and sensation.
Nervous System
127
Principle functions of this organ system include: distribution of nutrients, oxygen, wastes, hormones, electrolytes, heat, immune cells, and antibodies; fluidm electrolyte, and acid-base balance.
Circulatory system
128
Principle functions of this organ system inculde: hormone production, internal chemical communication, and cordination.
Endocrine System
129
Principle functions of this organ system include: movement, stability, communication, control of body openings, and heat production.
Muscular System
130
What organ system is this? What is included within this organ system?
Male Reproductive System * Testes * Epididymides * Spermatic ducts * Seminal vessicles * Prostate gland * Bulbourthral glands * Penis
131
What organ system is this? What organs are included within this system?
Urinary System * kidneys * ureters * urinary bladder * urethra
132
What organ system is this? What organs are within this system?
Lymphatic System * Lymph nodes * lymphatic nodes * thymus * spleen * tonsils
133
What organ system is this? What organs are included in this system?
Integumentary System * Skins * Hair * Nails * Cutaneous glands
134
What organ system is this? What organs are included in this system?
Skeletal System * Bones * Cartilages * Ligaments
135
What organ system is this? What organs are included in this system?
Respiratory System * Nose * Pharynx * Larynx * Trachea * Lungs * Bronchi
136
What organ system is this? What organs are included in this system?
Digestive System * Teeth * Tongue * Salivary glands * Esophagus * Stomach * Small and large intestines * Liver * Gallbladder * Pancreas
137
What organ system is this? What organs does this system include?
Female Reproductive System * Ovaries * Uterine tubes * Uterus * Vagina * Mammary glands
138
What organ system is this? What organs are included in this system?
Nervous System * Brain * Spinal cord * Nerves * Ganglia
139
What organ system is this? What organs are included in this system?
Circulatory System * Heart * Blood vessels
140
What organ system is this? What organs are included in this organ system?
* Pituitary gland * Thyroid gland * Pineal gland * Parathyroid glands * Thymus * Adreanal glands * Pancreas * testes * ovaries
141
What organ system is this? What organs are included in this system?
Muscular system * Skeletal muscles

Anatomy & Physiology (15 decks)

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