Chapter 10: Muscular System Flashcards by Ashley Reeves

Functions of Muscles

Movement Stability Control of openings and passageways Heat

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Thin sleeve of loose connective tissue surrounding each muscle fiber that allows room for capillaries and nerve fibers to reach each muscle fiber?

Endomysium

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A slightly thicker layer of connective tissue that contains fascicles that carry larger nerves and blood vessels, and stretch receptors.

Perimysium

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Fibrous sheath surrounding the entire muscle. The outer surface grades into the fascia and the inner surface sends projections between fascicles to form Perimysium.

Epimysium

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Sheet of connective tissue that separates neighboring muscles or muscle groups from each other and the subcutaneous tissue.

Fascia

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Muscles that are thick in the middle and tapered at the ends such as the biceps brachii and gastrocnemius.

Fusiform muscles

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Muscles that have uniform width and parallel fascicles that can span long distances such as the rectus abdominis and the zygomaticus major.

Parallel muscles

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Fan shaped muscles such as the pectoralis major and the temporalis.

Triangular or convergent muscles

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Feather shaped muscles that have fascicles that insert obliquely on a tendon such as the rectus femoris and deltoid. These muscles can be unipennate, bipennate, or multipennate.

Pennate muscles

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Muscles that have a ring around a body opening such as the orbicularis oculi and the urethral and anal sphincters.

Circular muscles or sphincters

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Three kinds of muscle tissue?

Skeletal Cardiac Smooth

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Tendons bridge the gap between muscle ends and bony attachment and the collagen fibers of the -endo, peri-, and epimysium continue into the tendon from there into the periosteum and the matrix of bones not what type of attachment?

Indirect attachment

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Tendon that is a broad, flat sheet such as the rectus sheath.

Aponeurosis

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Tendons bridge the gap between muscle ends and bony attachment and the collagen fibers of the endo-, peri-, and epimysium continue into the tendon from there into the periosteum and the matrix of bone in what type of muscle attachment?

indirect muscle attachment

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What muscle is this?

Frontalis

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What muscle is this?

Orbicularis oculi

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What muscle is this?

Orbicularis oris

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What muscle is this?

Zygomaticus major

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What muscle is this?

Zygomaticus minor

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What muscle is this?

Buccinator

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What muscle is this?

Platysma

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To open the mouth

depression

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Biting and grinding

elevation

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Using the incisors to cut

protraction

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Make rear teeth meet

retraction

grinding food

lateral and medial excursion

This muscle opens the mouth widely.

Digastric

This muscle elevates the floor of the mouth at the beginning of swallowing.

Mylohyoid

This muscle depresses the hyoid and elevates the larynx.

Thyrohyoid

This muscle depressed the larynx after elevation.

Sternothyroid

Tipping head forward

flexion

Holding the head erect

Extension

Tipping the head side to side

Lateral flexion

Turning the head left and right

Rotation

Movement of the head toward the opposite side

contralateral movement

Movement of the head toward the same side

ipsilateral movement

Neck flexors

* Sternocleidomastoid * Scalenes

Neck extensors

* Trapezius * Splenius capitis

What muscle is this? It is used in neck flexion and also contributes to breathing.

Sternocleidomastoid

What muscle is this? It is used in neck flexion and contributes to beathing.

Scalenes

What muscle is this? * It is used in neck extention. * Stabilizes the scapula and shoulder * Elevates and depresses the shoulder apex

Trapezius

What muscle is this? It is used in neck extension.

Splenius capitis

What muscle is this? It is a thin muscular sheath and is the major muscle used in respiration.

Diaphragm

What muscle is this? * Adducts the arm * Medially rotates the arm * Contributes to breathing

Pectoralis major

What muscle is this? * Deep to the pectoralis major * Stabilizes scapula * Protracts/Abducts the scapula (aids serratus anterior) * Laterally rotates the scapula

Pectoralis minor

What muscle is this? * Looks like a serrated knife * Contributes to breathing * Stabilizes scapula * Protracts/Abducts scapula * Medially rotates scapula

Serratus anterior

What muscle is this? * Elevates ribs * Expands thoracic cavity * Creates partial vacuum causing inflow of air * Contributes to breathing

External intercostals

What muscle is this? * Depresses and retracts ribs * Compresses thoracic cavity * Expells air * Deep to external intercostals

Internal intercostals

What muscle is this? * Adducts the arm * Extends the arm * Medially rotates the arm * Contributes to breathing

Latissimus dorsi

What muscle is this? * Intermediate layer of lateral abdominal muscles * aponeurosis * contibutes to breathing * Strengthens abdominal wall

Internal abdominal obliques

What muscle is this? * Most superficial layer of lateral abdominal muscles * Supports abdominal viscera against pull of gravity * Stabilizes vertebral column during heavy lifting * Maintains posture * Compresses abdominal organs * Aids in forced expiration * Roation at waist * Strengthens abdominal wall

External abdominal oblique

What muscle is this? * Deepest layer of lateral abdominal muscles * Horizontal fibers * Compress abdominal contents * Contibutes to movements of the vertebral column and breathing and strengthens abdominal wall

Transverse abdominis

What muscle is this? * Flexes lumbar region of vertebral column * Produces forward bending of the waist * Strengthens abdominal wall * Extends from sternum to pubis * Rectus sheath encloses muscle * "six pack"

Rectus abdominis

What muscle is this? * Elevates the scapula * Inferiorally rotates the scapula * Laterally flexes the neck (when scapula is fixed)

Levator scapulae

What muscle is this * Elevates the scapula * Retracts/Adducts the scapula

Rhomboid major

What muscle is this? * Elevates the scapula * Retracts/Adducts the scapula

Rhomboid minor

What muscle is this? * Elevates ribs 2-5

Serratus posterior superior

What muscle is this? * Depresses ribs 9-12

Serratus posterior inferior

What muscle is this? * Function is to erect your spine

Erector spinae

Any condition in which the viscera protrudes through a weak point in the musclular wall of the abdominopelvic cavity

Hernia

* Most common type of hernia * viscera enter inguinal canal or even the scrotum * rare in women

Inguinal hernia

* Type of hernia where stomach protrudes through diaphragm into thorax * Usually found in overweight people over 40

Hiatial hernia

* Viscera protrude through the navel * Mostly found in infants

Umbilical hernia

* Spaces in which muscles are organized and are separated by fibrous connective tissue sheets (fasciae) that contains one or more functionally related muscles along with their nerve and blood supplies

compartments

* When one of the muscles or blood vessels in a compartment is injured due to mounting pressure on the muscles, nerves, and blood vessels that trigger a sequence of degenerative events * If ischemia lasts more than 2-4 hours, nerves can die * After 6 hours muscles can die * Myoglobin in urine indicates this * Treated with immobilization of limb and fasciotomy

Compartment syndrome

What muscle is this? * Rotates and abducts arm * intramuscular injection site

Deltoid

What muscle is this? * Extends and medially rotates the humerus * Adducts the arm

Teres major

What muscle is this? * Flexes and medially rotates the arm

Coracobrachialis

Muscles that form the rotator cuff: "SITS"

* Supraspinatus * Infraspinatus * Teres Minor * Subscapularis

What muscle is this? * Abducts the arm * Holds head of humerus in glenoid cavity * 1 of 4 muscles of rotator cuff * This muscle's tendon is the most easily damaged

Supraspinatus

What muscle is this? * Laterally rotates the arm * Holds head of humerus in glenoid cavity * 1 of 4 muscles in rotator cuff

Infraspinatus

What muscle is this? * 1 of 4 muscles of the rotator cuff * Laterally rotates the arm * Holds the head of the humerus in the glenoid cavity * Weakly adducts the arm

Teres minor

What muscle is this? * Deep to biceps brachii * Principle flexor * Prime mover of elbow flexion * Produces 50% more power than biceps brachii * Aids in forearm flexion

Brachialis

What muscle is this? * Synergistic flexor * Anterior * Supination of forearm * Flexion of forearm * Weak flexion of arm

Biceps brachii

What muscle is this? * Posterior * Principle extensor * Prime mover of elbow extension * Extension of forearm * Extension of arm (long head)

Triceps brachii

What muscle is this? * Flexes elbow * Synergistic flexor * Assists in pronation of forearm when supinated * Assists in supination of forearm when pronated

Brachioradialis

What muscle is this? * Attaches to the carpals on the thumb side * Flexes the wrist * Abducts the hand

Flexor carpi radialis

What muscle is this? * Attaches to the carpals on the pinky side * Flexes the wrist * Adducts the hand

Flexor carpi ulnaris

What muscle is this? * Flexes the wrist * Tense palmar aponeurosis

Palmaris longus

What muscle is this? * Posterior * Extends the wrist * Abducts the hand

Extensor carpi radialis longus

What muscle is this? * Posterior * Shorter * Extends wrist * Abducts hand

Extensor carpi radialis brevis

What muscle is this? * Extends fingers 2-5 * Assists in extension of wrist * Posterior

Extensor digitorum

What muscle is this? * Extends wrist * Abducts hand * Posterior

Extensor carpi ulnaris

What is highlighted? * Bracelet-like fibrous sheet that the flexor tendons of the extrinsic muscles that flex the wrist pass on their way to their insertions

Flexor retinaculum

What is highlighted? * Tight space between the flexor retinaculum and the carpal bones

Carpal tunnel

* Prolonged , repetitive motions of wrist and fingers can cause tissues in the carpal tunnel to become inflammed, swollen, or fibrotic that puts pressure on the median nerve of the wrist that passes through the carpal tunnel along with the flexor tendons.

Carpal tunnel syndrome

What muscle is this? * Contains the iliacus and psoas major * Flexes thigh at hip * Iliacus portion arises from the iliac crest and fossa * Psoas portion arises from lumbar vertebrae

Iliopsoas

What muscles is this? * Medially rotates femur * Flexes femur * Abducts femur * Stabilizes knee * Extends and laterally rotates knee

Tensor fasciae latae

What muscle is this? * Forms mass of the buttock * Prime hip extensor * Provides most lift when you climb stairs * Extends and laterally rotates thigh * Abducts thigh

Gluteus maximus

What muscle is this? * Abducts thigh * Medially rotates thigh * Lowers pelvis on weight-bearing side

Gluteus medius

What is this muscle? * Abducts and medially rotates thigh * Lowers pelvis on weight-bearing side

Gluteus minimus

What muscle is this? * Adducts the thigh

Adductor brevis

What muscle is this? * Adducts the thigh

Adductor longus

What muscle is this? * Adducts the thigh * Extends the thigh

Adductor magnus

What muscle is this? * Adducts the thigh * Flexes the leg

Gracilis

What muscle is this? * Adducts thigh * Flexes thigh * Medially rotates thigh

Pectineus

What is the muscle? * Prime mover of knee extension * Most powerful muscle in the body * Four heads * Extends leg * Flexes thigh

Quadriceps femoris

What muscle is this? * Extends leg and flexes thigh * 1 of 4 heads of quadriceps femoris

Rectus femoris

What muscle is this? * 1 of 4 heads of quadriceps femoris * Lateral side * extends leg

Vastus lateralis

What muscle is this? * 1 of 4 heads of quadriceps femoris * Extends leg * Medial side

Vastus medialis

What muscle is this? * 1 of 4 quadriceps femoris * Extends leg * Deep to rectus femoris

Vastus intermedius

What muscle is this? * Flexes leg * Extends thigh * Posterior

Biceps femoris

What muscle is this? * Posterior * Flexes leg * Extends the thigh * More lateral than medial

Semitendinosus

What muscle is this? * Posterior * Flexes leg * Extends thigh * More medial

Semimembranosus

What muscle is this? * Extention of toes 2-5 * Dorsifelxion and eversion of foot * Prevents toes from scuffing when walking

Extensor digitorum longus

What muscle is this? * Longest muscle in the body * Tailor's muscle-allows for crossing legs * Flexes, abducts, and laterally rotates thigh * Flexes leg