Chapter 1 - Major Themes of Anatomy & Physiology

Question 0

What are the types of anatomy?

Answer 0

Gross Anatomy - can be seen with the naked eye.
Histology - the microscopic study of tissue.
Cytology - the study of the structure and function of cells.

Question 1

What are the ways to examine the structure of the human body?

Answer 1

Inspection - looking at the body’s appearance.
Palpation - feeling a structure with the hands.
Auscultation - listening to natural sounds.
Percussion - tapping on the body to feel for abnormal resistance.
Cadaver Dissection - cutting and separating tissues of a dead body.
Comparative Anatomy - the study of more than one species.

Question 2

What is Comparative Physiology?

Answer 2

The study of how different species function.

Question 3

Who was Hippocrates?

Answer 3

“Father of Medicine” - Greek physician who established a code of ethics for physicians.

Question 4

Who was Galen?

Answer 4

Physician to the Roman gladiators who wrote the most influential medical textbook of the ancient era.

Question 5

Who was Andreas Vesalius (1514-1564)?

Answer 5

The first to publish accurate illustrations for teaching anatomy and the first atlas of anatomy.

Question 6

Who was William Harvey?

Answer 6

The first to realize that blood must circulate continuously.

Question 7

Who was Robert Hooke (1635-1703)?

Answer 7

Improved the optics and invented several of the features of compound microscopes.

Question 8

Who was Matthias Schleidin & Theodore Schwann (1839)?

Answer 8

Scientists who concluded that all organisms are composed of cells.

Question 9

What is an organism?

Answer 9

A single complete individual.

Question 10

What is an organ system?

Answer 10

A group of organs with a unique collective function.

Question 11

What is an organ?

Answer 11

Two or more tissues that work together to carry out a function.

Question 12

What is a tissue?

Answer 12

A mass of similar cells and cell products that forms a discrete region of an organ and performs a specific function.

Question 13

What is a cell?

Answer 13

The smallest unit of an organism that carries out all the basic functions of life.

Question 14

What is an organelle?

Answer 14

A structure in a cell that carries out its individual functions.

Question 15

What is a molecule?

Answer 15

A particle composed of atoms.

Question 16

What is an atom?

Answer 16

The smallest particle with unique chemical identities.

Question 17

What is Situs Inversus?

Answer 17

When organs of the thoracic and abdominal cavities are reversed between right and left.

Question 18

What is Situs Perversus?

Answer 18

When a single organ occupies an atypical position.

Question 19

What are the Properties of Living Things?

Answer 19

Organization
Cellular Composition
Metabolism
Responsiveness & Movement
Homeostasis
Development
Reproduction

Question 20

What are the different types of metabolism?

Answer 20

Anabolism - molecules are synthesized into larger particles.
Catabolism - molecules are broken down into smaller particles.
Excretion - the separation of wastes from the tissues and their elimination from the body.

Question 21

Organization

Answer 21

Must exhibit a higher level of organization than non-living.

Question 22

Cellular Composition

Answer 22

Must be compartmentalized into one or more cells

Question 23

Metabolism

Answer 23

The sum of all internal chemical change

Question 24

Responsiveness & Movement

Answer 24

The ability of organisms to sense and react to stimuli.

a) Nerve and muscle cells
b) Self-propelled movement from place to place

Question 25

Homeostasis

Answer 25

The ability to maintain stable internal conditions

Question 26

Development

Answer 26

Any change in form or function over the lifetime of the organism

Question 27

What are the different types of development?

Answer 27

Differentiation - the transformation of cells with no specialized function into cells that are committed to a particular task.
Growth - an increase in size.

Question 28

Reproduction

Answer 28

Must be able to produce copies of themselves

Question 29

Physical Variation

Answer 29

Physiological variables differ with sex, age, weight, diet, degree of physical activity and environment

Question 30

What is Dynamic Equilibrium

Answer 30

A certain set-point for a given variable and conditions fluctuate slightly around this point

Question 31

What is Negative Feedback?

Answer 31

Mechanism that keeps variables close to the set point.

a) a process in which the body senses a change and activates mechanisms the negate or reverse it

Question 32

Feedback Loop

Answer 32

End product alters the original changes that triggered the formation of the end product

Question 33

What are the components of a feedback loop?

Answer 33

Receptor - a structure that senses a change in the body.
Integrating Center - a mechanism the processes information from the receptor, relates it to other information and decides on a response.
Effector - cell or organ that carries out the corrective action.

Question 34

Positive Feedback

Answer 34

Self-amplifying cycle in which a physiological change leads to even greater change in the same direction

Question 35

90% of medical terms are formed from?

Answer 35

Greek and Latin roots

Question 36

Root (stem)?

Answer 36

Bears the core meaning of a word

Question 37

Prefix?

Answer 37

Added to the beginning of a word to modify the core meaning of the word

Question 38

Suffix?

Answer 38

Added to the end of a word to modify its core meaning

Question 39

What are terms coined from the names of people?

Answer 39

Eponyms

Question 40

What are words composed of the first letter or first few letters of a word?

Answer 40

Acronyms