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Anatomy & Physiology > Final Review Sheet - 2nd Semester > Flashcards

Final Review Sheet - 2nd Semester Flashcards

0
Q

Peptide Hormones

A

1) chains of 3-200+ amino acids

2) hydrophilic so they mix with blood plasma

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1
Q

Steroid Hormones

A

1) derived from cholesterol

2) hydrophobic so they must bind to transport proteins in plasma

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2
Q

Monoamines

A

1) made from the amino acids tryptophan or tyrosine

2) most are hydrophilic

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3
Q

Hormones Mode of Action

A
  1. Hormones stimulate only cells that have receptors for them
  2. Receptor act like switches to turn certain metabolic pathways on or off when the hormone bind to them
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4
Q

Specificity

A

The receptor for one hormone will not bind other hormones

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5
Q

Saturation

A

All the receptor molecules are occupied by hormones

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6
Q

Steroid Hormones and TH

A

a. Hormones diffuse through the plasma membrane and enter nucleus
b. Hormones bind to receptors associated with DNA
c. This activates or inhibits transcription of a gene for metabolic enzymes or other proteins

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7
Q

Peptide

A

a. Hormones cannot penetrate into a target cell
b. Hormone binds to cell surface receptor, which G protein
c. G protein migrates to effector enzyme and activates it which generates the second messenger
d. The second messenger

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8
Q

Stages of Stress and Adaptation

A

a. Alarm reaction - norepinephrine from the SNS and epinephrine from the adrenal medulla prepare for flight or fight, body consumes stored glycogen
b. Resistance - glycogen is gone, the body uses cortisol to provide an alternative fuel (fat and protein)
c. Exhaustion - fat reserves are gone, protein meets energy needs

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9
Q

Hormones secreted by the pituitary gland (anterior lobe)

A
  1. Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
  2. Luteinizing hormone (LH)
  3. Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
  4. Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
  5. Prolactin (PRL)
  6. Growth hormone (GH)
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10
Q

Hormones secreted by the pituitary gland (posterior lobe)

A
  1. Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

2. Oxytocin (OT)

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11
Q

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

A

b. Female - stimulates growth of follicle and secretion of estrogen
c. Male - stimulates sperm production

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12
Q

Luteinizing hormone (LH)

A

b. Female - stimulates ovulation and secretion of progesterone
c. Male - stimulates secretion of testosterone

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13
Q

Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

A

b. Stimulates growth of thyroid and secretion of TH

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14
Q

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

A

b. Stimulates the adrenal cortex to secrete glucocorticoids

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15
Q

Prolactin (PRL)

A

b. Female - stimulates milk synthesis

c. Male - stimulates increased LH sensitivity

16
Q

Growth hormone (GH)

A

b. Widespread tissue growth through mitosis and cellular differentiation

17
Q

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

A

b. Stimulates water retention (reduces urine volume)

18
Q

Oxytocin (OT)

A

b. Stimulates labor contractions and milk release

19
Q

Thyroxine

A

b. Stimulates increase in body’s metabolic rate

20
Q

Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

A

b. Raises blood calcium levels by stimulating bone resorption and reducing urinary calcium excretion

21
Q

Insulin

A

b. Stimulates glucose and a.a. uptake, lowers blood glucose levels, promotes synthesis of glycogen, fat, and protein

22
Q

Glucocorticoids (cortisol)

A

b. Stimulates fat and protein catabolism, gluconeogenesis, stress resistance, tissue repair

23
Q

Erythrocyte disorders

A
  1. Jaundice - high level of bilirubin in the blood giving a yellowish color to skin and whites of eyes
  2. Polycythemia - excess red blood cells
  3. Anemia - deficiency of red blood cells or hemoglobin
24
Q

Polycythemia

A

a. Primary polycythemia - red bone marrow cancer

b. Secondary polycythemia - high altitude, dehydration, smoking, air pollution, emphysema, excessive exercise

25
Q

Anemia

A

a. Inadequate erythropoiesis or hemoglobin synthesis - iron-deficiency anemia, pernicious anemia, aplastic anemia, hypoplastic anemia, kidney failure
b. Blood loss - hemorrhagic anemia from trauma or ulcer
c. Red blood cell destruction - hemolytic anemia, hereditary hemoglobin defects (sickle cell, thalassemia)

26
Q

ABO blood group - antigens on red blood cells

A
  1. Type A - A antigens and anti-B antibodies
  2. Type B - B antigens and anti-A antibodies
  3. Type AB - A and B antigens with no antibodies
  4. Type O - no antigens with both anti-A and anti-B antibodies
27
Q

Hemostasis

A
  1. Vascular spasm - constriction of broken blood vessel
  2. Platelet plug formation
  3. Coagulation (blood clotting)
28
Q

Vascular spasm

A

a. Injured smooth muscle of blood vessel causes vasoconstriction
b. The broken blood vessel has collagen fibers which attract more platelets

29
Q

Platelet plug formation

A

a. Platelets become spiny and adhere to collagen fibers
b. Platelets contract and draw the walls of the blood vessel together
c. Platelet plug - mass of platelets formed
d. Platelets release factors which attract more platelets

30
Q

Coagulation

A

a. Calcium, clotting factors, etc. combine to produce prothrombin activator
b. Prothrombin activator converts prothrombin to thrombin
c. Thrombin converts fibrinogen to fibrin
d. Fibrin forms the frame work of the blood clot

31
Q

Clotting disorders

A
  1. Hemophilia - hereditary disease with deficiencies of a clotting factor causing bleeding in muscles and joints
  2. Thrombosis - abnormal clotting of blood in unbroken blood vessel
  3. Thrombus - clot
  4. Embolus - blood clot that is traveling in bloodstream
  5. Embolism - embolus obstructing a blood vessel (heart, brain, lung, or kidney)
  6. Liver disease - liver is unable to synthesize clotting factors, causing severe bleeding
  7. Disseminated intravascular coagulation - widespread clotting in unbroken blood vessels
  8. Thrombocytopenia - platelet count below normal
32
Q

Blood flow through the chambers

A
  1. Blood enters the right atrium from superior and inferior vena cava
  2. Blood in right atrium flows through right AV valve into right ventricle
  3. Contraction of right ventricle forces pulmonary valve open
  4. Blood flows through pulmonary valve into pulmonary trunk
  5. Blood is distributed by right and left pulmonary arteries to the lungs, where it unloads CO2 and loads O2
  6. Blood returns from lungs via pulmonary veins to left atrium
  7. Blood in left atrium flows through left AV valve into left ventricle
  8. Contraction of left ventricle forces aortic valve open
  9. Blood flows through aortic valves into ascending aorta
  10. Blood in aorta is distributed to every organ in the bod
  11. Blood returns to the heart via venae cavae
33
Q

Conduction system

A
  1. Sinoatrial (SA) node - pacemaker
  2. Atrioventricular (AV) node
  3. Atrioventricular (AV) bundle
  4. Purkinje fibers
34
Q

Sinoatrial node

A

a. Modified cardiocytes in the right atrium
b. Initiates each heartbeat and determines the heart rate
c. Signals spread throughout the atria and down to the AV node stimulating the atria to contract almost simultaneously

35
Q

Atrioventricular node

A

a. Modified cardiocytes near the right AV valve
b. Receives signal from the SA node
c. Signal slows at the AV node and allows ventricles to fill with blood

36
Q

Atrioventricular bundle

A

a. Pathway the signal takes when it leaves the AV node

b. Forks into right and left bundle branches which enter the IV septum and descend toward the apex

37
Q

Purkinje fibers

A

a. Nervelike processes that arise from the ends of the bundle branches and spread upward through the ventricles walls
b. Distribute the signals to the cardiocytes of the ventricles to contract from apex upward in near unison

38
Q

Phases of the cardiac cycle

A
  1. Ventricular filling - during diastole (relaxation)
  2. Isovolumetric contraction - no change in ventricular volume
  3. Ventricular ejection - blood spurts out
  4. Isovolumetric relaxation - ventricular diastole

Anatomy & Physiology (13 decks)

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