Chapter 1 (Monthly) Flashcards
(114 cards)
1
Q
Study of formed elements of blood and blood forming tissues
A
Hematology
2
Q
worms in blood
A
Athanasius Kircher
3
Q
describes blood as composite of 4 humours
A
Hippocrates
4
Q
platelet as “petites plaque”
A
Giulio Bizzozero
5
Q
account of RBCs
A
Anton van Leeuwenhoek
6
Q
published the 1st quantitative results of blood cell analysis
A
Karl Vierordt
7
Q
develop Wrights stain
Improvements in the methods of blood examination
A
James Homer
8
Q
Blood is _____ of total body weight
A
6-8%
9
Q
Blood is approximately __ liters
A
5
10
Q
CBC will include 5 parameters:
A
RBC count WBC count differential WBC count hemoglobin determination hematocrit determination
11
Q
if manual CBC what should be done
A
all 5 parameters should be done
12
Q
if automated, machine wil give you the results for _____
A
CBC will include five parameters
platelet count
blood cell indices
13
Q
blood cell indices
A
- MCV (mean cell/corpuscular volume),
- MCHC (mean cell hemoglobin concentration),
- MCH (mean cell Hb)
- RDW
14
Q
when diagnosis cannot be done by means of lab test, ________ will be done
A
bone marrow aspiration
15
Q
Fragments of megakaryocytes
A
platelets
16
Q
normal platelet count
A
150-400k per mm3 blood
17
Q
time for blood components to separate w centrifuge
A
3-5 mins
18
Q
thick Buffy coat means there is a ________
A
problem
19
Q
_____ is from clotted blood, has no clotting factors (used up in the clotting process)
A
Serum
20
Q
______ is from anticoagulated blood, has clotting factors
A
Plasma
21
Q
Makes up about 55% of blood’s volume
A
Plasma
22
Q
91% of plasma
A
water
23
Q
7% of plasma
A
blood proteins
24
Q
2% of plasma
A
nutrients and electrolytes
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Makes up about 45% of blood’s volume
cellular components of blood
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normal WBC count
7000-9000 mm3 blood
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normal RBC count
5M mm3 blood
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Unclotted portion of blood
plasma
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Appearance of plasma
Pale Yellow fluid
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Components of plasma
Water
Proteins
Other substances
31
Plasma proteins
ALBUMIN
GLOBULIN
FIBRINOGEN
32
Percentage of Albumin in plasma
58%
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Contributes to the osmotic pressure
ALBUMIN
34
The water balance between blood and tissues is determined by the ________
movement of water into and out of the blood by osmosis.
35
Albumin also functions as ______ for hormones
transport molecules
36
Percentage of globulin in plasma
38%
37
Also part of the immune system
GLOBULIN
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Globulin also functions as for hormones
transport molecules
39
Helps in the formation of blood clot
GLOBULIN
40
A clotting factor
FIBRINOGEN
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Percentage of fibrinogen in plasma
4%
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Fibrinogen is converted into ______ during activation of clotting factors
fibrin
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FORMED ELEMENTS
RED BLOOD CELLS
WHITE BLOOD CELLS
PLATELET OR THROMBOCYTES
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Size of RBC
6-8 micrometer (diameter)
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normal RBC count
4-6 million/µL
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loss of oxygen carrying capacity of the blood
anemia
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Increased RBC count
polycytemia
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1/3 of the total volume of the RBC
central pallor
49
Hgb determination uses _______ Reagent
Drabkin’s
50
Automated Hgb determination methods uses _____
Sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)
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Drabkin's Reagent components
K3[Fe(CN)6]
KCN
lysing agents (bicarbonates)
52
Function of SDS
stablelise methemoglobin
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ratio of the volume of RBCs to volume of whole blood
Hct
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Normal ratio of Hct
50% (estimated)
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RBC indices computed based on ___ ____ ____
RBC ct, Hct and Hgb
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a measure of volume; RBC diameter
MCV
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reflects RBC staining intensity or degree of pallor
MCHC
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expresses mass of hgb :
MCH
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degree of anisocytosis
RDW
60
variation in size RBC
anisocytosis
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Reference range for MCV
80-100 fL
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Reference range for MCH
26-32 pg
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Reference range for MCHC
32-36% (g/dL in SI)
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Reference range for RDW
11.5-14.5%
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Reticulocyte are _____ RBCs
Polychromatophilic
66
Percentage of reticulocyte
About 1-2%
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Newly released RBCs from the BM
Reticulocyte
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Reticulocyte contains
RNA
69
To count reticulocytes use _______ and _______
Supravital dye
| Automation (TOA/Sysmex)
70
Supravital dye
New Methylene Blue
| Briliant cresyl blue
71
Hitch a ride in the blood
Leukocytes / WBCs
72
Normal WBC count
~ 4,500-11,500 /µL
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Differentiated using _______
Wright’s stain
74
Use ______ for WBC count
Romanowsky
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low WBC count
Leucopenia
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increase WBC count
Leukocytosis
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Types of WBC according to nucleus
PMN
| Mononuclear
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Types of WBC according to cytoplasmic granules
Granulocytes
| Agranulocytes
79
Granulocytes
neutrophils, basophils, & eosinophils
80
neutrophils are
Granulocytes
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basophils are
Granulocytes
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eosinophils are
Granulocytes
83
Agranulocytes
Lymphocytes
| Monocytes
84
Neutrophilia is due to ___
bacterial infection
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Cause of neutropenia
long term drug administration; viral infection
86
Penultimate stage of neutrophil
Bands
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Causes shift to the left of neutrophils
severe bacterial infection
88
Color of eosinophils
bright orange granules
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Granules of eosinophils contain _____
antihistamine
90
Eosinophilia
allergy; parasitism
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Color of basophils
dark blue granules
92
Basophilia
rare, hematologic disease (leukemia)
93
Irregularly lobed WBC
basophil
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Activated during viral infection
Lymphocytes
95
Responsible for CMI and HI
Lymphocytes
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Number of lobes of eosinophils
2-3
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Has B, T and NK cells
Lymphocytes
98
Lymphopenia/Lymphocytopenia
long term drug administration; immunodeficiency
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Lymphocytosis
viral infection
100
Pieces of a bone marrow cell known as a megakaryocyte
Platelets / Thrombocytes
101
Function to stop bleeding by forming a plug and also release coagulation factors (controls hemostasis)
Platelets / Thrombocytes
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Platelets forms_______ (clot)
thrombus
103
Capable of adhesion, aggregation, secretion
Platelets
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Appearance of platelets
2-4 µ , oval, anucleated, slightly granular
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Reference range for platelets
150-450 K/cu.mm.
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Thrombocytosis :
inflammation; trauma
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Thrombocytopenia:
consequence of drug treatment
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Platelets / Thrombocytes:
High MPV means
regenerative BM response to platelet consumption
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Other hematology lab tests
```
Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR)
Reticulocyte Count
Peripheral Blood Examination
Sickle Cell Testing
Osmotic Fragility Test
```
110
Coagulation Tests include:
Prothrombin Time (PT)
Partial Thromboplastin Time (PTT)
Fibrinogen
Factor Analysis
111
ADVANCED HEMA PROCEDURES
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BM Examination
Cytogenic analysis
Molecular assay
Cytochemical stains (differentiate abnormal cells)
Flow cytometry
```
112
Examples include iron deficiency anemia and aplastic anemia
Anemias
113
WBC production is affected and defective. Examples include acute and chronic leukemias
Thrombocytopenia
Leukemias
114
Patient may have bleeding problems
Decreased platelets
