Chapter 1: Nervous System Organization and Development

Question 1

What week does neurulation take place?

Answer 1

in the 3rd week

Question 2

Alar plate is sensory or motor?

Answer 2

sensory

Question 3

Basal plate is sensory or motor?

Answer 3

motor

Question 4

What are the alar and basal plate separated by?

Answer 4

sulcus limitans

Question 5

Is AFP high or low in gastrochschisis?

Answer 5

high

Question 6

Is AFP high or low in omphalocele?

Answer 6

high

Question 7

AFP is high or low in pregnancy of Down Syndrome?

Answer 7

it is low

Question 8

The rostral neuropore closes at what day?

Answer 8

Day 25

Question 9

The caudal neuropore closes at what day?

Answer 9

Day 27

Question 10

Levels of what major products are elevated when there are rostral or caudal neuropore inability to close?

Answer 10

Increase in AChE (amniotic fluid acetylcholinesterase) Because of failure of neuropore closure.

Increase in AFP because of any body wall closure defect.

Question 11

Failure of the rostral neuropore to close results in what condition?

Answer 11

anencephaly causing polyhydramnios (swallowing centers not created yet and thats the only way to rid body of amniotic fluid)

Question 12

Failure of the caudal neuropore to close results in what condition?

Answer 12

spina bifida with myeloschisis

Question 13

T/F. AFP and AChE are increased in failure of the rostral and caudal neuropore to close?

Answer 13

true

Question 14

Adult derivatives of secondary brain vesicles.

Answer 14

Question 15

What structures form from the telencephalon?

Answer 15

cerebral hemispheres, most of basal ganglia

Question 16

What structures form from the diencephalon?

Answer 16

thalamus, hypothalamus, subthalamus, epithalamus (pineal gland), retina and optic nerve

Question 17

What structures form from mesencephalon?

Answer 17

midbrain

Question 18

What structures form from metencephalon?

Answer 18

pons, cerebellum

Question 19

What structures form from myelencephalon?

Answer 19

medulla
spinal cord

Question 20

Neural canal remnant from telencephalon?

Answer 20

lateral ventricles

Question 21

Neural canal remnant from the diencephalon?

Answer 21

third ventricle

Question 22

Neural canal remnant of the mesencephalon?

Answer 22

cerebral aqueduct

Question 23

Neural canal remnant from the metencephalon?

Answer 23

fourth ventricle

Question 24

Neural canal remnant from the myelencephalon?

Answer 24

central canal

possibly some overlap with 4th ventricle

Question 25

What is the pathology behind anencephaly?

Answer 25

failure of anterior neuropore to close

Question 26

What are some signs and symptoms of anencephaly? Some lab values?

Answer 26

* brain does not develop * incompatible with life * increased AFP during pregnancy and AChE

Question 27

Spina bifida occulta cause?

Answer 27

* failure to induce bone growth around the spinal cord * vertebrae fail to form around the spinal cord

Question 28

Is there an increase in AFP in cases of spina bifida occulta?

Answer 28

no

Question 29

Signs and symptoms of spina bifida occulta?

Answer 29

asymptomatic; tuft of hair over defect

Question 30

Spina bifida with meningocele cause? Relative AFP levels? Relative AChE levels?

Answer 30

* meninges protrude through vertebral defect * increase in AFP; no increase is AChE

Question 31

Spina bifida with meningomyelocele characteristics?

Answer 31

meninges and spinal cord protrude through vertebral defect

Question 32

What is a condition that Spina bifida with meningomyelocele is seen with?

Answer 32

Arnold-Chiari type II

Question 33

Is there an increase in AFP with spina bifida with meningomyelocele?

Answer 33

increase in AFP

Question 34

What is the most severe form of spina bifida?

Answer 34

spina bifida with myeloschisis

Question 35

Can spina bifida with myeloschisis be seen externally?

Answer 35

yes

Question 36

What lab values are increased in spina bifida with myeloschisis?

Answer 36

increase in AFP and AChE

Question 37

Signs and symptoms of Arnold Chiari Type I?

Answer 37

* mostly asymptomatic * downward displacement of cerebellar tonsils through foramen magnum

Question 38

There is an association of Arnold- Chiari Type I malformation with what condition?

Answer 38

syringomyelia

Question 39

What are the signs and symptoms of Arnold Chiari Type II? What is it?

Answer 39

* more often symptomatic * downward displacement of cerebellar vermis * compression of IV ventricle > obstructive hydrocephaly * frequent lumbar meningomyelocele

Question 40

What is Dandy-Walker malformation caused by?

Answer 40

* failure of foramina of Luschka and Magendie to open > dilation of IV ventricle * agenesis of cerebellar vermis and splenium of the corpus callosum

Question 41

What is hydrocephalus most often caused by?

Answer 41

stenosis of cerebral aqueduct CSF accumulates in ventricles and subarachnoid space

Question 42

Signs and symptoms of hydrocephalus?

Answer 42

increased head circumfrence

Question 43

What is holoprosencephaly? Major characteristics?

Answer 43

* incomplete separation of cerebral hemispheres (right and left cerebral hemispheres) * one ventricle in telencephalon

Question 44

What chromosomal abnormality is often present in infants presenting with holoprosencephaly?

Answer 44

trisomy 13 (Patau)