Chapter 9: Diencephalon

Question 1

VPL of the thalamus stands for?

Answer 1

ventroposterolateral nucleus

Question 2

VPM of the thalamus stands for?

Answer 2

ventroposteromedial nucleus

Question 3

VA of the thalamus stands for stands for?

Answer 3

ventral anterior

Question 4

VL of the thalamus stands for?

Answer 4

ventral lateral

Question 5

LGB of the thalamus stands for?

Answer 5

lateral geniculate body

Question 6

MGB of the thalamus stands for?

Answer 6

medial geniculate body

Question 7

AN of the thalamus stands for?

Answer 7

anterior nuclear group

Question 8

MD of the thalamus stands for?

Answer 8

mediodorsal nucleus

Question 9

Where does the VPL receive its input?

Answer 9

sensory from body and limbs

Question 10

Where does the VPL send its output?

Answer 10

somatosensory cortex

Question 11

Where does the VPM receive input from?

Answer 11

sensory from face, taste

Question 12

Where does the VPM send its output?

Answer 12

somatosensory cortex

Question 13

Where does the VA/VL of the thalamus receive input?

Answer 13

motor info from BG, cerebellum

Question 14

Where does the VA/VL of the thalamus send its output?

Answer 14

motor cortices

Question 15

Where does the LGB of the thalamus receive its input from?

Answer 15

visual from optic tract

Question 16

Where does the LGB send its output?

Answer 16

first-degree visual cortex

Question 17

Where does the MGB of the thalamus receive its input?

Answer 17

auditory from inferior colliculus

Question 18

Where does the MGB of the thalamus send its output?

Answer 18

first-degree auditory cortex

Question 19

Where does the AN of the thalamus receive it’s input?

Answer 19

mamillary nucleus (via mammillothalamic tract)

Question 20

Where does AN of the thalamus send its output?

Answer 20

cingulate gyrus (part of Papez circuit)

Question 21

What is the function of the MD of the thalamus?

Answer 21

(dorsomedial nucleus) involved in memory

Question 22

Clinical correlate of the MD in the thalamus.

Answer 22

damaged in Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome

Question 23

What is function of the pulvinar nucleus?

Answer 23

helps integrate somesthetic, visual, and auditory input

Question 24

What is the function of midline/intralaminar thalamic nuclei?

Answer 24

involved in arousal

Question 25

Function of the hypothalamus?

Answer 25

helps maintain homeostasis; has roles in the autonomic ,endocrine, and limbic systems

Question 26

Lateral hypothalamic nuclei function? Lesion implications?

Answer 26

feeding center; lesion > starvation

Question 27

Ventromedial hypothalamic nuclei function? Lesion?

Answer 27

satiety center; lesion > hyperphagia, obesity, savage behavior

Question 28

Suprachiasmatic nuclei function?

Answer 28

regulates circadian rhythms, receives direct retinal input

Question 29

Supraoptic and paraventricular hypothalamic nuclei function? Lesion implications?

Answer 29

synthesizes ADH and oxytocin; regulates water balances Lesion > DI, characterized by polydipsia and polyuria

Question 30

Where does mamillary body nuclei receive input from? Clinical correlation?

Answer 30

input from hippocampus; damaged in Wernicke encephalopathy

Question 31

Function of arcuate nuclei of the hypothalamus?

Answer 31

produces hypothalamic releasing and inhibiting factors and gives rise to tuberohypophysial tract Has neurons that produce dopamine (PIF) prolactin inhibiting factor

Question 32

What is the function of the anterior region of the hypothalamus?

Answer 32

* temperature regulation; lesion > hyperthermia * stimulates the parasympathetic nervous system

Question 33

What is the function of the posterior region of the hypothalamus?

Answer 33

* temperature regulation, lesion > poikilothermia (inability to thermoregulate) * stimulates sympathetic nervous system

Question 34

What is the function of the preoptic area of the hypothalamus? Lesion implications?

Answer 34

regulates release of gonotrophic hormones, contains sexually dimorphic nucleus Lesion before puberty > arrested sexual development: lesion after puberty > amenorrhea or impotence

Question 35

What is the function of the dorsomedial portion of the hypothalamus?

Answer 35

stimulation > savage behavior

Question 36

What is the function of the epithalamus? What makes up the epithalamus?

Answer 36

consists of pineal body and habenuclear nuclei, The pineal body secretes melatonin with a circadian rhythm

Question 37

What is the function of the subthalamus? Implications of lesion

Answer 37

subthalamic nucleus is involved in the basal ganglia circuitry. Lesion > hemiballisus (contralateral flinging movements of one or both extremities.)

Question 38

Symptoms Korsakoff?

Answer 38

anterograde and retrograde amnesia

Question 39

Symptoms of pinealoma?

Answer 39

precocious puberty in males obstruction to CSF flow and increased ICP Compression of upper midbrain and pretectal area by a pineal tumor resulting in Parinaud syndrome in which there is impairment of conjugate vertical gaze and pupillary reflex abnormalities