Chapter 1 part 1

Question 1

the philosophical study of knowing and other desirable ways of believing and attempting to find the truth

Answer 1

epistemology

Question 2

the view that we are locked inside our own minds

Answer 2

solipsism

Question 3

three questions of epistemology

Answer 3

What is knowledge? Is knowledge possible? How do we get knowledge?

Question 4

knowledge is the product of _______ interaction with the world when all goes as it should

Answer 4

cognitive interaction

Question 5

ancient and medieval philosophers began with ______ before doing epistemology

Answer 5

metaphysics

Question 6

epistemology can look very different when you start with one of these questions rather than the other

Answer 6

What is knowledge?

How do we get knowledge?

Question 7

the central feature of knowledge is that it is a state that puts us in _____________.

Answer 7

cognitive contact with reality

Question 8

features of knowledge

1) knowing is a relation between _______ and an ______, where the ______ is some portion of reality.

Answer 8

subject, object, object

Question 9

features of knowledge

2) The relation between a conscious subject and object is _______. The subject ____, not just _____ or _____ the object.

Answer 9

cognitive, thinks, senses, feels

Question 10

features of knowledge

3) Knowing includes _______.

Answer 10

believing

Question 11

St. Augustine defined believing as thinking with _____.

Answer 11

assent

Question 12

Thinking is a state that has an _____.

Answer 12

object

Question 13

Thinking is a state that has an _____.

Answer 13

object

Question 14

When we know, there is an _________ to which we assent.

Answer 14

object of thought

Question 15

The object of thought to which we assent is called a ______.

Answer 15

proposition

Question 16

features of knowledge

5) The object of knowledge is a ________.

Answer 16

proposition

Question 17

a proposition is at the object end of a ____________.

Answer 17

knowing relation

Question 18

epistemology focuses mostly on the _____ end of the relation and the ______ relation itself.

Answer 18

subject, knowing

Question 19

a proposition has _______ form

Answer 19

syntactical

Question 20

a proposition is the ________ of the sentence

Answer 20

content

Question 21

The information we get from a sentence is its _____.

Answer 21

proposition

Question 22

Example of how two different sentences can express the same proposition

Answer 22

The exam is tomorrow, said on Tuesday

The exam was yesterday, said on Thursday

Question 23

Example of the same sentence having different propositions.

Answer 23

The exam is tomorrow, said on Tuesday

The exam is tomorrow, said on Wednesday

Question 24

T/F Every proposition can be an object of knowledge

Answer 24

False

Question 25

Knowledge is limited to the domain of _____ propositions.

Answer 25

True

Question 26

features of knowledge | 5) The object of knowledge is a ________.

Answer 26

true proposition

Question 27

You cannot know a proposition that isn't ____. You might believe a false proposition and it might seem to you that you know it but you don't.

Answer 27

true

Question 28

All knowing is believing, but not all believing is _____.

Answer 28

knowing

Question 29

The objects of knowledge are limited to what is ____.

Answer 29

true

Question 30

I believe a that a plum tree is growing in my yard, but if it isn't a plum tree I cannot ______ what it is.

Answer 30

know

Question 31

Some believing is not knowing because it is directed at __________.

Answer 31

a false proposition

Question 32

Even thought most philosophers agree that knowledge is directed at true propositions, they also agree that this is not exactly true since there is ___________ knowledge

Answer 32

nonpropositional

Question 33

One can have _________ knowledge of other persons, oneself, one's mental states, objects in one's environment which one knows by direct experience rather than through testimony or inference from other things one knows

Answer 33

nonpropositional

Question 34

most epistemologists choose to ignore nonpropositional knowledge for at least 2 reasons:

Answer 34

1) difficult to analyze and hard to say anything about it that adds to our understanding of it 2) it is so different from propositional knowledge that it needs separate treatment

Question 35

Not all knowledge is _________.

Answer 35

propositional

Question 36

To know is to believe _______ in _______.

Answer 36

a true proposition, a good way

Question 37

two epistemic values that have dominated philosophy at different times in history

Answer 37

understanding and certainty

Question 38

Plato comes very close to identifying knowledge with _______.

Answer 38

understanding

Question 39

Descartes comes very close to identifying knowledge with _____.

Answer 39

certainty

Question 40

We have been in a skeptical period for almost 400 years. Skeptical periods are accompanied by the concern for _______ and the process of ________belief.

Answer 40

certainty, belief

Question 41

this is what is needed to defend the right to be sure

Answer 41

justification

Question 42

nonskeptical periods have been mostly concerned with | _______ and the questions accompanying it show little concern for _______ but instead _______ .

Answer 42

understanding, justification, explanation

Question 43

the difference in focus on certainty and the focus on understanding affects this

Answer 43

the way knowledge is defined

Question 44

Eras in which certainty was the dominant value and skepticism wa treated in full seriousness, knowledge was defined as

Answer 44

believing a true proposition in a justified way

Question 45

logos means

Answer 45

an account or explanation

Question 46

from the point of view of the value of understanding, knowledge would not be a state of assenting to a __________.

Answer 46

discrete proposition

Question 47

Rather than to know exclusively through objects with the structure of sentences, one could kow through other kinds of structures, such as

Answer 47

maps, graphs, diagrams, models & other forms that might not involve representations. What happens when we understand a work of art, music, the psychological structure of a character in a novel, a theory in physics.

Question 48

Would it be accurate to say that what we know is reducible to a list of propositions?

Answer 48

Author finds this dubious

Question 49

Contemporary epistemology has suffered by ignoring the value of ______.

Answer 49

understanding

Question 50

understanding is connected with __________ knowledge

Answer 50

nonpropositional

Question 51

Richard Rorty proclaimed this about epistemology

Answer 51

epistemology is dead

Question 52

the history of modern epistemology makes sense to read as the history of this

Answer 52

responses to skepticism

Question 53

Knowing is the only way to have a belief. T/F

Answer 53

False. There are others.

Question 54

Epistemology is the study of the right or good ways to

Answer 54

cognitively grasp reality

Question 55

knowledge, understanding, certainty, reasonableness, intellectual virtue are examples of

Answer 55

epistemic goods