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advance pathophys > chapter 1 patho basics > Flashcards

chapter 1 patho basics Flashcards

1
Q

hypertrophy

A

increase in SIZE of cell d/t increased workload

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2
Q

hyperplasia

A

increase NUMBER of cells d/t inc workload, hormonal stim. or decreased tissue

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3
Q

Metaplasia

A

replacement of 1 adult cell with another that can better endure the change (chronic inflammation or irritation_

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4
Q

dysplasia

A

deranged cell growth –> abnormal size, shape and appearance (precancerous or can be reversible)

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5
Q

medulla oblongata

A

vital functions

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6
Q

pituitary gland

A

regulates other glands and growth, maturation and reproduction

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7
Q

reticular formation-

A

large network of connected tissue that controls vital reflexes: CV function and respirate

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8
Q

pathogenesis

A

diseases development

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9
Q

General adaptation model

A

stressor, alarm reaction, resistance, Recovery or exhaustion

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10
Q

GAS alarm rx

A

arousal of CNS, epi and norepi released causing inc hr, inc force of contractions, inc o2 intake, intc mental activity

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11
Q

viruses

A

must have a host cell to replicate

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12
Q

bacteria

A

no true nucleus, reproduce by cell division, have either exotoxins (released during cell growth) or endotoxins (released when cell wall decomposes–these cause fever)

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13
Q

fungi

A

very large–yeasts, molds

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14
Q

mycotic infection

A

caused by pathogenic fungi–release mycotoxin

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15
Q

lysozymes-

A

bacteria killing particles in secretions

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16
Q

CAUTION

A 
Change in bowel/bladder
A sore that doesn't heal
Unusual bleeding/discharge
Thickening or lump
Indigestion or difficulty swallowing
Obvious changes in a wart or mole
Nagging cough/hoarseness
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17
Q

Prokaryotes

A

No distinct nucleus, single circular chromosome no organelles or histones, cyanobacteria, bacteria and rickets

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18
Q

Eukaryotes

A

Complex cellular organization, membrane-bound organelles, will defined nucleus with several chromosomes

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19
Q

Cellular function that occurs in all cell types

A

Metabolic absorption. All cells can take in and use nutrients and other substances

20
Q

Cytoplasm

A

Cytoplasm fill space between nucleus and plasma membrane

21
Q

Nucleus

A

Nucleus responsible for cell division and genetic information

22
Q

Ribosomes

A

Ribosomes responsible for RNA protein complexes. Synthesized in the nucleolus and is the site for cellular protein synthesis

23
Q

Endoplasmic reticulum

A

Endoplasmic reticulum. Synthesis folding and transport

of proteins

24
Q

Golgi apparatus

A

Processes and packages proteins, secretary vesicles and cytoskeleton (gets the proteins out)

25
Q

Lysosomes

A

Contain enzymes for digestions, sack like structure, cell injury would cause enzyme release that leads to cellular destruction

26
Q

Peroxisome

A

Breakdown substances into harmless products, contain oxidative enzymes

27
Q

Mitochondria

A

Cellular energy metabolism ATP generation, roll in pH control calcium homeostasis osmotic regulation and cell signaling

28
Q

What are the different cell specializations?

A 
Movement
Conductivity
Metabolic absorption
Secretion
Excretion
Respiration
Reproduction
Communication
29
Q

Which cell structure maintains fluid and electrolyte balance?

A

plasma membrane

30
Q

what is the plasma membrane made of?

A

lipid bilayer

31
Q 
this cell structure has the following functions:
Cell-to-cell recognition
Cellular mobility
Cellular shape
Movement of molecules
A

functions of the plasma membrane

32
Q

describe the lipids in the plasma membrane

A
  • Amphipathic (hydrophobic tail and hydrophilic head) i.e. polar
  • serves as barrier to diffusion of water and hydrophilic substances. allows lipid soluble molecules like o2 and co2 to diffuse through the membrane.
  • Molecular glue (lipids and protein assemblies_ maintain structural integrity of the membrane.
33
Q

what molecule performs most of the plasma membranes tasks?

A

proteins

34
Q

decribe the functions of the plasma membrane proteins

A 
Receptors
Transport channels/carriers
Enzymes
Surface markers
Cell adhesion molecules (CAMs)
Catalysts
35
Q

what is proteostasis and what regulates this?

A 
State ofacell balance protein synthesis, folding and dehydration.  
Main role is to minimize protein misfolding and protein aggregation
Regulated by:
Ribosomes (makers)
Chaperones (helpers)
Proteolytic systems
Lysosomes
Ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS)
36
Q

what are the functions of carbohydrates in plasma membrane

A

Protection
Lubrication
Recognition
Adhesion

37
Q

describe cellular receptors

A

protein molecules ON the plasma membrane IN the cytoplasm or IN the nucleus that can recognize and bind with smaller molecules called ligands.
the region the protein connects with ligands is called the binding site
This activates or inhibits the signaling/biochem pathway

38
Q

examples of ligands

A

hormones, neurotransmitters, antigesn, complement components, lipprotein, infectious agents, drugs and metabolites

39
Q

3 types of cell to cell adhesions (how cells are held together in a formation)

A

cell adhesion molecules
extracellular matrix
cell junctions

40
Q

what makes the extracellular membrane?

A

fibroblasts, from the cell itself

41
Q

what Regulates cell growth, movement, and differentiation

A

extracellular membrane

42
Q

what makes up the extracellular membrane?

A

Collagen
Elastin
Fibronectin

43
Q

what is a basement membrane?

A

a specialized type of extracellular membrane, thing tough flexible sheet. lies beneath epithelial cells, between two cell sheets, surrounds individual muscle and fat and schwann cells. it’s like glue but provides a pathway for diffusion of nutrients, wastes and other water soluble supstances between blood and tissue.

44
Q

anabolism vs catabolism

A

anabolism–energy is consumed

catabolism energy is released

45
Q

examples of passive vs active cell transport

A

passive: Osmosis, hydrostatic pressure, and diffusion
(high to low concentration)

active: uses energy–Pumps (Na+ K+) endocytosis, and exocytosis

46
Q

2 phases of cell division

A

mitosis (nuclear division) and cytokinesis (cytoplasm division) note that M phase includes both nuclear and cytoplasmic division

Also–interphase–work to prepare for cell division and double mass

47
Q

Phases of interphase

A

G1, S and G2

advance pathophys (6 decks)

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