Chapter 1: Practice Test Flashcards
1
Q
the establishment of the 1st formal laboratory for research in psychology
A
Wilhelm Wundt
2
Q
established the 1st American research laboratory in psychology
A
G. Stanley Hall
3
Q
launched America’s 1st psychological journal
A
G. Stanley Hall
4
Q
was the driving force behind the establishment of the American Psychological Association (APA)
A
G. Stanley Hall
5
Q
which approach might William James criticize for examining frame by frame instead of seeing the motion in the motion picture?
A
structuralism
6
Q
which approach might suggest that forgetting to pick his mother up at the airport was Henry’s unconscious way of saying that he did not welcome her visit?
A
psychoanalytic
7
Q
Fred, a tennis coach, insists that he can make any reasonably healthy individual into an internationally competitive tennis player. Fred is echoing the thoughts of who?
A
John B. Watson
8
Q
Who said “free will is an illusion”
A
B.F. Skinner
9
Q
Which approach is the has the most optimistic view of human nature?
A
humanism
10
Q
What historical event created a demand for clinicians that was far greater than the supply?
A
World War II
11
Q
What is important in the interest of the positive psychology movement?
A
positive institutions and communities
positive subjective experiences
positive individual traits
12
Q
The study of the endocrine system and genetic mechanisms wold most likely be undertaken by a:
A
physiological psychologist
13
Q
The fact that psychologists do not all agree about the nature and development of personality demonstrates:
A
that there are many ways of looking at the same phenonmenon
14
Q
A multifactorial causation approach to behavior suggest that
A
most behavior is governed by a complex network of interrelated factors
15
Q
psychology’s answer to the question of whether we are born or made tends to be:
A
we are both born and made
16
Q
In regard to changing answers on multiple-choice tests, research indicates that ________ changes tend to be more common than other types of changes.
A
wrong to right
17
Q
need to be deliberately taught, because they often do not develop by themselves with standard content instruction.
A
critical thinking skills
18
Q
Psychology comes from 2 Greek words
A
psyche - meaning soul
logos - referring to the study of a subject
19
Q
Psychology’s intellectual parents were the disciplines of
A
physiology and philosophy
20
Q
founder of psychology
A
Wihelm Wundt
21
Q
who declared that psychology’s primary focus was consciousness
A
Wihelm Wundt
22
Q
the awareness of immediate experience
A
consciousness
23
Q
according to Wundt was the scientific study of conscious experience
A
psychology
24
Q
1st president of the APA
A
G. Stanley Hall
25
based on the notion that the task of psychology is to analyze consciousness into it's basic elements and investigate how these elements are related.
structuralism
26
Edward Titchner led the development of what school of thought in psychology.
structuralism
27
________ was used to examine the contents of consciousness,
introspection
28
the careful, systemic self-observation of one's own conscious experience
introspection
29
the person or animal being studied
subject
30
based on the belief that psychology should investigate the function or purpose of consciousness, rather than it's structure
functionalism
31
____________, an American scholar, led the development of functionalism.
William James
32
wrote Principles of Psychology, perhaps the most influential text in the history of psychology
William James
33
heritable characteristics that provide a survival or reproductive advantage are more likely than alternative characteristics to be passed onto subsequent generations and thus to become "selected" over time.
natural selection
34
"stream of consciousness"
William James
35
his work on how people acquired habits laid the groundwork for progress in the study of learning
William James
36
his conception of the "self" is the foundation for subsequent theories of personality
William James
37
_________ began to investigate mental testing patterns of development in children, the effectiveness of education practices, and behavioral differences between the sexes.
Functionalists
38
Functionalism fostered the development of what
behaviorism
| applied psychology
39
1st woman APA president, but not a doctor
Mary Whilton Calkins
40
founded the psychology lab at Wellesly
Mary Whilton Calkins
41
invented a widely used technique for studying memory
Mary Whiton Calkins
42
1st woman to receive a PHD in psychology
Margaret Floy Washburn
43
2nd woman president of the APA
Margaret Floy Washburn
44
the author of Animal Mind which served as a impetus for the emergence of behaviorism
Margaret Floy Washburn
45
did pioneering work on adolescent development, mental retardation, and gifted children
Leta Stetter Hollingworth
46
coined the term "gifted to refer to youngsters who scored exceptionally high on intelligence tests
Leta Stetter Hollingworth
47
debunked theories of women's inferiority to men
Leta Stetter Hollingworth
48
Austrian physician whose approach grew out of efforts to treat mental disorders
Freud
49
contains thoughts, memories, and desires that are well below the surface of conscious awareness but that none the less exert great influence on behavior
unconscious
| i.e. freudian slips, dreams
50
attempts to explain personality, motivation, and mental disorders by focusing on unconscious determinants of behavior
psychoanalytic theory
51
Who said people are not the master's of their minds
Freud
52
Who said that behavior is greatly influenced by now people cope with their sexual urges?
Freud
53
Freud gradually won acceptance in the medical field, attracting prominent followers such as
Carl Jung
| Alfred Adler
54
_____________ ideas slowly came to be accepted and influenced thought in medicine, the arts, and literature.
Physoanalytic
55
______________ became so popular it almost eclipsed psychology entirely.
psychoanalytic theory
56
founded behaviorism
John B. Watson
57
a theoretical orientation based on the premise that scientific psychology should study only observable behavior
behaviorism
58
proposed to abandon the study of consciousness altogether
John B. Watson
59
any overt (observable) response to activity by an organism
behavior
60
Watson was an outspoken critic of ______ views.
Freud's
61
Watson believed in _____ over _____.
nuture over nature
62
Watson believed that scientific method rested on the idea of __________
verifiability
63
the power depends on studying things that can be observed objectively
verifiability
64
Who contributed greatly to the strong environmental slant that became associated with behaviorism.
John B Watson
65
Behavioral approach is often referred to as
Stimulus - response psychology (S-R)
66
over behaviors (_____________) to observable events in the environment (_____________)
responses, stimuli
67
who began studying animals as subjects rather than people.
John B Watson
68
who was the 1st pop psychologist?
John B Watson
69
who pioneered fear appeals, testimonials, selling the "prestige" of products and promotion of style over substance?
John B Watson
70
Who championed Watson's view on observable behavior over Freud's theory of psychoanalytic theory?
B.F. Skinner
71
B. F. Skinner believed environmental factors _________.
mold behavior
72
Organisms tend to repeat responses that lead to positive outcomes, and they tend not to repeat responses that lead to neutral or negative responses.
Fundamental Principle of Behavior by B.F. Skinner
73
Who said "people are controlled by their environment, not by themselves"?
B.F. Skinner
74
______________ was an operant conditioning device that allowed a scientist to exert remarkable control over the behavior of the animals by manipulating the outcomes of their responses.
Skinner boxes
75
In the 1950's those who found behaviorism and psychoanalytic theory unappealing founded the ______ theory.
humanism
76
Members of society found behaviorism and psychoanalytic theory unappealing because they were ________..
dehumanizing
77
theoretical orientation that emphasizes the unique qualities of humans, especially their freedom and their potential for growth.
humanism
78
belief that we are so fundamentally different than animals, studying them was irrellavent
humanism
79
Principal Contributors of Behavioral Psychology
John B Watson
Ivan Pavlov
B.F. Skinner
80
Principal Contributors of Psychoanalytic Psychology
Sigmund Freud
Carl Jung
Alfred Adler
81
Principal Contributors of Humanistic Psychology
Carl Rogers
| Abraham Maslow
82
Principal Contributors of Cognitive Psychology
Jean Piaget
Noam Chomsky
Herbert Simon
83
Principal Contributors of Biological/Neuroscience Psychology
James Olds
Roger Sperry
David Hubel
Torsten Wiesel
84
Principal Contributors of Evolutionary Psychology
```
David Buss
Martin Daly
Margo Wilson
Leda Cosmides
John Tooby
```
85
Only observable event (stimulus-response relations) can be studied scientifically
behavioral psychology
86
unconscious motives and experiences in early childhood govern personality and mental disorders
psychoanalytic psychology
87
humans are free, rational beings with potential for personal growth, and they are fundamentally different from animals
humanistic psychology
88
human behavior cannot be fully understood without examining how people acquire, store, and process information
cognitive psychology
89
an organism's functioning can be explained in terms of the bodily structures and bio-chemical processes that underlie behavior.
biological/neuroscience psychology
90
behavior patterns have evolved to solve adaptive problems; natural selection favors behaviors that enhance reproductive success
evolutionary psychology
91
evolutionary bases of behavior in humans and animals
evolutionary psychology
92
physiological bases of behavior in humans and animals
biological/neurological psychology
93
thoughts; mental processes
cognitive psychology
94
unique aspects of human experience
humanistic psychology
95
unconscious determinants of behavior
psychoanalytic psychology
96
effects of environment on the overt behavior of humans and animals
behavioral psychology
97
"in the traditional view, a person is free...He can therefore be held responsible for what he does and justly punished if he offends. That view, together with its associated practices must be reexamined when a scientific analysis reveals unsuspected controlling relations between behavior and environment.
B.F. Skinner
98
"I do not have a pollyanna view of human nature... Yet one of the most refreshing and invigorating parts of my experience is to work with (my clients) and to discover the strongly positive directional tendencies which exist in them, as in all of us, at the deepest levels"
Carl Rogers
99
" our conclusion is that we have no real evidence of the inheritance of traits. I would feel perfectly confident in the ultimately favorable outcome of careful upbringing of a healthy, well-formed baby born of a long line of crooks, murderers and thieves, and prostitutes.
John B Watson
100
To fully understand people's behavior, psychologists must take into account the fundamental human drive toward personal growth.
humanism
101
the humanists' greatest contribution to psychology has probably been their____________.
innovative treatments for psychological problems and disorders.
i.e. Car Rogers person-centered therapy
102
the branch of psychology concerned with everyday, practical problems
applied psychology
103
the branch of psychology concerned with the diagnosis and treatment of psychological problems and disorders
clinical psychology
104
During WWII many academic psychologists were pressed into service as _______. They were needed to screen military recruits and treat soldiers suffering from trauma.
clinicians
105
Some 40,000 American veterans returned to seek postwar treatment in VA hospitals for their psychological scars. The VA stepped in to ________________.
finance many new training programs in clinical psychology.
106
WWII was a ____________ in the history of clinical psychology, receiving enormous institutional support for the 1st time.
watershed
107
A rift that developed between the research arm and professional arm of psychology caused a rift spurring the creation of what new organization?
Association for Psychological Science (APS)
serves exclusively as an advocate for the science of psychology
108
The vast majority of psychologists used to be almost exclusively academics, how the vast majority of today's psychologists devote some of their time to __________.
providing professional services
109
the mental processes involved in acquiring knowledge
cognition
110
since 1975, there have been more articles written about _____ psychology than any other.
Cognition
111
______ showed electrical stimulation of the brain could evoke emotional responses such as pleasure and rage in animals.
James Olds
112
_____ showed that the right and left halves of the brain are specialized to handle different types of mental tasks. He won a nobel prize for his work.
Roger Sperry
113
_____ and _____ won a nobel prize for their work on how visual signals are precessed in the brain.
David Hubel
| Torsten Wiesel
114
Western psychologists have paid scant attention to how well their theories and research might apply to non-Western cultures, ________, or even women as opposed to men.
to ethnic minorities in western cultures
115
In recent years western psychologists have begun to recognize that their neglect of ___________ has diminished the value of their work.
cultural variables
116
Increased attention to culture as a determinant of behavior is attributable to _______________ and ____________.
1. advances in communication, travel, and international trade have "shrunk" the world an increased global interdependence
2. the ethnic makeup of the western world has become increasingly diverse
117
examines behavioral processes in terms of their adaptive value for members of a species over the course of many generations
evolutionary psychology
