Chapter 1: Python Primer

Question 1

Python is an interpreted language, true or false?

Answer 1

true

Question 2

interpreted language

Answer 2

a high-level language run by an interpreter, a program that directly executes instructions written in the programming or scripting language without first compiling it into machine code

Question 3

machine code (x2)

Answer 3

1) any low-level programming language, which consists of machine language instructions that are used to control a computer’s CPU (central processing unit)
2) a numerical language designed to run as fast as possible

Question 4

high-level programming language (x3)

Answer 4

1) any programming language with strong abstraction from the computer
2) closer to human languages (easier to read) and further from machine languages
3) focuses more on logic than underlying hardware components (eg. memory management)

Question 5

examples of high-level programming languages (x10)

Answer 5

1) Python
2) PHP
3) Perl
4) Java
5) JavaScript
6) C#
7) C++
8) Ruby
9) Rust
10) GO

Question 6

What does IDE stand for?

Answer 6

integrated development interface

Question 7

IDE (integrated development environment)

Answer 7

a software application for building applications that combines developer tools into a single GUI (graphical user interface)

Question 8

delimiter

Answer 8

a unique character or series of characters that indicates the beginning or end of a specific statement, string or function body set

Question 9

examples of delimiters (x4)

Answer 9

1) Round brackets or parentheses: ( )
2) Curly brackets: { }
3) Double or single quotes for string literals: ‘ ‘ “ “
4) Escape sequence for comments: /*

Question 10

Python is an object-oriented language, true or false?

Answer 10

true

Question 11

object-oriented language

Answer 11

a language that uses classes and objects to create models

Question 12

temperature = 98.6 is an example of an _____ statement

Answer 12

assignment

Question 13

temperature = 98.6

in this example, temperature is an _____ (also known as name)

Answer 13

identifier

Question 14

temperature = 98.6

in this example, 98.6 is an _____

Answer 14

object

Question 15

temperature = 98.6

in this example, the identifier (also known as name) _____ references an instance of the _____ class having value _____

Answer 15

temperature
float
98.6

Question 16

identifiers are case-sensitive in Python, true or false?

Answer 16

true

Question 17

an identifier is implicitly associated with the _____ _____ of the object to which it refers

Answer 17

memory address

Question 18

Python is a dynamically typed language, true or false?

Answer 18

true

Question 19

dynamically typed language (x2)

Answer 19

any language that does not require declaring the data type of a variable

the variable type of checked during runtime

Question 20

alias

Answer 20

a second identifier (also known as name) to an existing object

Question 21

temperature = 98.6
original = temperature

in this example, original is an _____

Answer 21

alias

Question 22

temperature = 98.6
original = temperature

in this example, identifiers temperature and original reference the same object 98.6, true or false?

Answer 22

true

Question 23

temperature = 98.6
original = temperature

in this example, either identifier temperature or original can be used to access the 98.6 object, true or false?

Answer 23

true

Question 24

if an object supports behaviors that affect its state, changes through an alias will be apparent when using the other identifier, true or false?

why is this so?

Answer 24

true

both identifiers refer to the same object

Question 25

``` temperature = 98.6 original = temperature temperature = temperature + 50 ``` the temperature identifier has been assigned to a new value, while original continues to refer to the previously existing value, true or false?

Answer 25

true

Question 26

``` temperature = 98.6 original = temperature temperature = temperature + 50 ``` what is the value of the floating-point object original references? what is the value of the floating-point object temperature references in the last line?

Answer 26

98. 6 | 103. 6

Question 27

instantiation

Answer 27

creating a new instance of a class

Question 28

the syntax for instantiating an object to invoke the _____ of a class

Answer 28

constructor

Question 29

syntax of a constructor of a class

Answer 29

the class name followed by parentheses

Question 30

constructor of a class (x3)

Answer 30

a special member function of a class that is executed when a new object of that class is created (also known as instantiated) it has the same name as the class it does not have any return type, not even void

Question 31

w = Widget() in this example, the constructor does not require parameters, true or false?

Answer 31

true

Question 32

w = Widget(a, b , c) in this example, the constructor requires parameters, true or false?

Answer 32

true

Question 33

Many of Python's built-in classes support a literal form for designating new instances of a class (also known as objects), true or false?

Answer 33

true

Question 34

temperature = 98.6 in this example, the value _____ is a literal

Answer 34

98.6

Question 35

literal

Answer 35

a value that is recognized as syntax for creating an object (also known as instance of a class)

Question 36

A way to indirectly create an instance of a class (also known as an object) is to call a function that creates and returns such an instance, true or false?

Answer 36

true

Question 37

Python supports traditional functions that are invoked with syntax such as sorted(data) in this example, what is the function name? what is the argument sent to the function?

Answer 37

sorted data

Question 38

Python's classes may define one or more methods (also known as member functions), true or false?

Answer 38

true

Question 39

Member functions (methods) are invoked on a specific object (also known as instance of a class) using _____ notation

Answer 39

dot

Question 40

data.sort() is an example of a method invoked using _____ notation

Answer 40

dot

Question 41

sorted(data) and data.sort() are the same, true or false?

Answer 41

true

Question 42

in dot notation, the expression to the _____ of the dot identifies the object upon which the method is invoked

Answer 42

left

Question 43

data.sort() in this example, _____ is the identifier (also known as name)

Answer 43

data

Question 44

in dot notation, the expression to the left of the dot can be an identifier (also known as name), true or false?

Answer 44

true

Question 45

the dot operator can be used to invoke a method upon the immediate result of another operation, true or false?

Answer 45

true

Question 46

response.lower().startswith('y') explain the order of what is evaluated in these method calls (x2)

Answer 46

1) response.lower() is evaluated, which returns a new string instance (also known as object) 2) startswith('y') is called on the new string instance (also known as object)

Question 47

accessor methods (also known as get methods or getters)

Answer 47

methods that return information about an object's state, but do not change its state

Question 48

mutator methods (also known as update methods, set methods or setters)

Answer 48

methods that do change an object's state

Question 49

data.sort() is this example an accessor method or a mutator method? why?

Answer 49

mutator method the sort() methods changes the values of the identifier so they are sorted

Question 50

immutable class

Answer 50

a class in which once an object of that class is instantiated (also known as created), its value cannot subsequently be changed

Question 51

bool mutable or immutable?

Answer 51

immutable

Question 52

int mutable or immutable?

Answer 52

immutable

Question 53

float mutable or immutable?

Answer 53

immutable

Question 54

list mutable or immutable?

Answer 54

mutable

Question 55

tuple mutable or immutable?

Answer 55

immutable

Question 56

what is a list (array in other languages)?

Answer 56

a mutable sequence of objects

Question 57

str (String in Swift) mutable or immutable?

Answer 57

immutable

Question 58

set mutable or immutable?

Answer 58

mutable

Question 59

what is a set? mutable or immutable?

Answer 59

an mutable unordered set of distinct objects

Question 60

what is a frozenset?

Answer 60

the immutable form of the set class

Question 61

frozenset mutable or immutable?

Answer 61

immutable

Question 62

dict (also known as associative mapping or a dictionary) mutable or immutable?

Answer 62

mutable

Question 63

in Python, a Boolean value can be created from a nonboolean type using the syntax bool(foo) for value foo, true or false?

Answer 63

true

Question 64

what is the syntax for creating a Boolean value from a nonboolean type?

Answer 64

bool(foo)

Question 65

when a Boolean value is created from a nonboolean type, numbers will evaluate to _____ if zero and _____ if nonzero

Answer 65

false true

Question 66

when a Boolean value is created from a nonboolean type, sequences and other container types like strings and lists evaluate to _____ if empty and _____ if nonempty

Answer 66

false true

Question 67

a nonboolean value can be used as a condition in a control structure, true or false?

Answer 67

true

Question 68

it is not mandatory to pass a value to bool(), true or false?

Answer 68

true

Question 69

if a value is not passed to bool(), _____ is returned

Answer 69

false

Question 70

control structure

Answer 70

a block of programming that analyzes variables and chooses directions in which to go based on given parameters or conditions

Question 71

list (array in other languages), tuple, and str classes are _____ types in Python, a collection of values in which the order is significant

Answer 71

sequence

Question 72

for sequence types in Python, the order of the collection of values is significant, true or false?

Answer 72

true

Question 73

a list (array in other languages) instance stores a sequence of objects, true or false?

Answer 73

true

Question 74

a list (array in other languages) is a _____ structure, as it stores a sequence of _____ to its elements

Answer 74

referential reference

Question 75

['red', 'green', 'blue'] in this example, the list contains three _____ instances (also known as objects)

Answer 75

string

Question 76

set

Answer 76

a collection of elements without duplicates and without an inherent order to those elements

Question 77

a set is a collection of elements without _____ and an _____

Answer 77

duplicates order

Question 78

an advantage of a set over a list (array in other languages) is that it has an optimized _____ for checking whether a specific _____ element is contained in the set

Answer 78

method element

Question 79

a set uses a hash table as its underlying data structure, true or false?

Answer 79

true

Question 80

a set uses a _____ _____ as its underlying data structure

Answer 80

hash table

Question 81

short-circuit

Answer 81

the compiler skips the execution or evaluation of a sub-expression in a logical expression (also known as a boolean expression)