Chapter 1: Quiz

Question 1

the science of behavior and mental processes.

Answer 1

psychology

Question 2

a research perspective whose major explanatory focus is how the brain, nervous system, and other physiological mechanisms produce behavior and mental processes.

Answer 2

biological perspective

Question 3

A research perspective whose major explanatory focus is how mental processes, such as perception, memory, and problem solving, work and impact behavior.

Answer 3

cognitive perspective

Question 4

A research perspective whose major explanatory focus is how external environmental events condition observable behavior.

Answer 4

behavioral perspective

Question 5

A research perspective whose major explanatory focus is how other people and the cultural context impact behavior and mental processes.

Answer 5

sociocultural perspective

Question 6

The tendency, after learning about an outcome, to be overconfident in one’s ability to have predicted it.

Answer 6

hindsight bias

Question 7

Research methods whose main purpose is to provide objective and detailed descriptions of behavior and mental processes.

Answer 7

descriptive methods

Question 8

A descriptive research method in which the behavior of interest is observed in its natural setting, and the researcher does not intervene in the behavior being observed.

Answer 8

naturalistic observation

Question 9

A descriptive research method in which the observer becomes part of the group being observed.

Answer 9

participant observation

Question 10

A descriptive research method in which the researcher studies an individual in depth over an extended period of time.

Answer 10

case study

Question 11

A descriptive research method in which the researcher uses questionnaires and interviews to collect information about the behavior, beliefs, and attitudes of particular groups of people.

Answer 11

survey research

Question 12

The entire group of people that a researcher is studying.

Answer 12

population

Question 13

The subset of a population that actually participates in a research study.

Answer 13

sample

Question 14

A sampling technique that obtains a representative sample of a population by ensuring that each individual in a population has an equal opportunity to be in the sample.

Answer 14

random sampling

Question 15

A research study in which to variables are measured to determine if they are related (how well either one predicts the other.)

Answer 15

correlational study

Question 16

Any factor that can take on more than one value.

Answer 16

variable

Question 17

A statistic that tells us the type and the strength of the relationship between the two variables.

Answer 17

correlation coefficient

Question 18

A direct relationship between two variables.

Answer 18

positive correlation

Question 19

An inverse relationship between two variables.

Answer 19

negative correlation

Question 20

A visual depiction of correlational data in which each data point represents the scores on the two variables for each participant.

Answer 20

scatterplot

Question 21

An explanation of a correlation between two variables in terms of another variable that could possibly be responsible for the observed relationship between the two variables.

Answer 21

third-variable problem

Question 22

A control measure in which participants are randomly assigned to groups in order to equalize participant characteristics across the various groups in an experiment.

Answer 22

random assignment

Question 23

In an experiment, the variable that is a hypothesized cause and thus is manipulated by the experimenter.

Answer 23

Independent variable

Question 24

In an experiment, a variable that is hypothesized to be affected by the independent variable and thus is measured by the experimenter.

Answer 24

Dependent variable

Question 25

A research method in which the researcher manipulates one or more independent variables and measures their effect on one or more dependent variables while controlling other potentially relevant variables.

Answer 25

experiment

Question 26

In an experiment, the group exposed to the independent variable.

Answer 26

experimental group

Question 27

In an experiment, the group not exposed to the independent variable.

Answer 27

control group

Question 28

A description of the operations or procedures that a researcher uses to manipulate or measure a variable.

Answer 28

operational definition

Question 29

Improvement due to the expectation of improving because of receiving treatment.

Answer 29

placebo effect

Question 30

An inactive pill or a treatment that has no known effects.

Answer 30

placebo

Question 31

A negative placebo effect due to the expectation of adverse consequences from receiving treatment.

Answer 31

nocebo group

Question 32

A control group of participants who believe they are receiving treatment, but who are only receiving a placebo.

Answer 32

placebo group

Question 33

A control measure in an experiment in which neither the experimenters nor the participants know which participants are in the experimental and control groups.

Answer 33

double-blind procedure

Question 34

Statistics that describe the results of a research study in a concise fashion.

Answer 34

descriptive statistics

Question 35

A depiction, in a table or figure, of the number of participants receiving each score for a variable.

Answer 35

frequency distribution

Question 36

The numerical average of a distribution of scores.

Answer 36

mean

Question 37

The score positioned in the middles of a distribution of scores when all of the scores are arranged from lowest to highest.

Answer 37

median

Question 38

The most frequently occurring score in a distribution of scores.

Answer 38

mode

Question 39

The difference between the highest and lowest scores in a distribution of scores

Answer 39

range

Question 40

The average extent that the scores vary from the mean for a distribution of scores.

Answer 40

Standard deviation

Question 41

A frequency distribution that is shaped like a bell. About 68 percent of the scores fall within 1 standard deviation of the mean, about 95 percent within 3 standard deviations of the mean.

Answer 41

normal distribution

Question 42

What 2 things does psychology cover?

Answer 42

1. behavior | 2. mental processes

Question 43

- Psychologist in 400 B.C. | - Believed in nature instead of nurture

Answer 43

Plato

Question 44

- Psychologist in 300 B.C. - Believed in nurture instead of nature - Plato was his teacher

Answer 44

Aristotle

Question 45

- Psychologist in 1879 | - Performed the first psychology lab

Answer 45

Wundt

Question 46

- Psychologist in 1890s | - Brought psychology to the United States

Answer 46

James

Question 47

- Psychologist in the 1920s - operant conditioning - focused psychology mostly on behavior (until this it focused more on mental processes)

Answer 47

Skinner

Question 48

What time period (years) did psychology focus mostly on mental processes?

Answer 48

400 B.C.- 1920s

Question 49

What time period (years) did psychology focus mostly on behavior?

Answer 49

1920s- 1960s

Question 50

Since the _____, psychology has mostly been focused more on both mental processes and behavior.

Answer 50

1960s

Question 51

Perspectives Emphasizing INTERNAL Factors 1. The Biological Perspective - physiology - evolutionary - genetics 2. The Cognitive Perspective - perception - thinking All this belongs to NATURE or NURTURE?

Answer 51

NATURE

Question 52

Perspectives Emphasizing EXTERNAL Factors 1. The Behavioral Perspectives - Conditioning: classical, operant 2. The Sociocultural Perspective - Culture - Other People All this belongs to NATURE or NURTURE?

Answer 52

NURTURE

Question 53

_______ = biology, genetics

Answer 53

Nature

Question 54

_______= environmental, experiment

Answer 54

Nurture

Question 55

Why do we need psychology?

Answer 55

- Somethings seem like common sense but common sense will lead you astray. - hindsight bias - overconfidence - critical thinking

Question 56

________: we shouldn't just accept or assume what we hear is true.

Answer 56

critical thinking

Question 57

What are the research methods used by psychologist?

Answer 57

- Descriptive Methods - Correlational Studies - Experimental Research

Question 58

________: allows us to predict without cause and effect

Answer 58

Correlational Studies

Question 59

________: looks us to predict with cause and effect

Answer 59

Experimental Research

Question 60

What are the two observational techniques?

Answer 60

1. naturalistic | 2. participant