CHAPTER 1 - research methods

Question 1

IV

Answer 1

independent variable

Question 2

DV

Answer 2

dependant variable

Question 3

IV - definition

Answer 3

variable that is manipulated to measure the effect on the DV

Question 4

DV - definition

Answer 4

the observed variable impacted by the IV

Question 5

extraneous variable

Answer 5

random variable with impact on the DV?

Question 6

population

Answer 6

entire group research interest, from which a sample is drawn, sample results are generalised to

Question 7

sample

Answer 7

part of the population selected for research

Question 8

random sampling

Answer 8

members of population are chosen at random

Question 9

convenience sampling

Answer 9

basically they’re just convenient

Question 10

stratified sampling

Answer 10

selecting participants from subgroups of population

Question 11

controlled experiment

Answer 11

investigation of cause-effect relation ship of IV and DV

Question 12

controlled group

Answer 12

not exposed to IV in controlled conditions

Question 13

experimental group

Answer 13

exposed to IV under experimental conditions

Question 14

controlled experiment designs types:

Answer 14

between subjects, within subjects, mixed design

Question 15

between subjects design

Answer 15

each participant is in either one or the other group (controlled or experiment) NOT BOTH

Question 16

between subjects positives:

Answer 16

experiment can be completed on one occasion

Question 17

between subjects negatives:

Answer 17

needs a larger sample size

Question 18

within subjects design

Answer 18

each participant experiences both controlled and experiment groups

Question 19

within subjects positive:

Answer 19

smaller number of participants

Question 20

within subjects negative:

Answer 20

purpose of the experiment may be obvious

Question 21

mixed design:

Answer 21

combines features of both a between subjects design and a within subjects design, so the researcher can assess potential differences between separate groups of participants

Question 22

mixed design positives:

Answer 22

fewer participants are needed for the experiment, and results are more precise & detailed

Question 23

mixed design negatives:

Answer 23

requires more expertise to manage the experiment.

Question 24

research methods: correlational studies

Answer 24

investigation of relationship between variables without control over the setting where the relationship occurs (no manipulation)

Question 25

correlational study positive:

Answer 25

results are more realistic (outside a lab setting)

Question 26

correlational suited negative:

Answer 26

firm conclusions on cause-effect relationship can't be drawn (only possible causes)

Question 27

research methods: descriptive methods types:

Answer 27

observational study, case, case study, self report

Question 28

self report:

Answer 28

participant's answers to questions presented by the researcher

Question 29

types of self reports:

Answer 29

interview, questionnaires, focus groups

Question 30

self reports positives:

Answer 30

efficient collection of data from all people

Question 31

self report negatives:

Answer 31

relies on people being completely self aware and honest

Question 32

observational study:

Answer 32

collection of data by carefully watching and recording behaviour without intervention

Question 33

natural and contrived settings:

Answer 33

natural: records behaviour in real world contrived: records behaviour in artificial environment

Question 34

observational studies positives:

Answer 34

researchers can record everyday behaviour without a need for intervention

Question 35

observational studies negatives:

Answer 35

observer bias may be present (distorts what they see)

Question 36

case studies:

Answer 36

intrusive, in-depth investigations of behaviours, problems in the interest of an individual, organisation or group

Question 37

case studies positives:

Answer 37

can be conducted over a long period of time

Question 38

case studies negatives:

Answer 38

can't test the cause-effect relationship like in controlled experiment

Question 39

ERRORS

Question 40

systematic errors:

Answer 40

producers by a factor that consistently favours one condition rather than another

Question 41

systematic errors impact:

Answer 41

accuracy

Question 42

random errors:

Answer 42

due to a chance factor

Question 43

random errors impact:

Answer 43

effecting precision of measurements

Question 44

ETHICAL CONCEPTS:

Answer 44

beneficence, integrity, justice, non-maleficence, respect

Question 45

beneficence:

Answer 45

commitment to maximising benefits and minimising risk factors

Question 46

integrity:

Answer 46

commitment to honest reporting for public knowledge

Question 47

justice:

Answer 47

moral obligation to ensure fair consideration of competing claims

Question 48

non-maleficence:

Answer 48

avoiding cases of harm

Question 49

respect:

Answer 49

considerations to which living things have intrinsic values

Question 50

ETHICAL GUIDELINES:

Answer 50

confidentiality, debriefing, informed consent, use of deception, voluntary participation, withdrawal rights

Question 51

confidentiality:

Answer 51

being confidential

Question 51

debriefing:

Answer 51

participants understand aim of experiment and results

Question 52

informed consent:

Answer 52

understands nature and purpose of experiment and potential risks

Question 53

use of deception:

Answer 53

don't deceive unless true purpose of experiments is known

Question 54

voluntary participation:

Answer 54

doing it voluntarily

Question 55

withdrawal rights:

Answer 55

know they can withdraw at any time

Question 56

EVALUATING DATA AND RESEARCH:

Answer 56

involves reproducibility, and repeatability

Question 57

repeatability:

Answer 57

degree to which an experiment will give similar results if performed again

Question 58

reproducibility:

Answer 58

will similar results occur under different conditions

Question 59

VALIDITY:

Answer 59

extent to which a measure accurately measures what is supposed to be measured

Question 60

types of validity:

Answer 60

internal and external

Question 61

internal validity:

Answer 61

extent to which investigation actually investigates what it claims to

Question 62

external validity:

Answer 62

extent to which results obtained can be applied beyond the sample which generated them