Chapter 1: Scientific Method, the Human Body

Question 1

what is the scientific method and what are the steps

Answer 1

an unbiased approach to the natural world
1) observation
2) hypothesis
3) experiment
4) theory (conclude)

Question 2

what is correlation

Answer 2

relationship between two observations

Question 3

what is causation and what is important to remember

Answer 3

shows one event causes a second event. often involves molecular mechanisms

Question 4

what is a hypothesis

Answer 4

proposed explanation for a set of observations

Question 5

what is a theory

Answer 5

hypothesis that has been rigorously tested and is generally true

Question 6

control group

Answer 6

standard of comparison

Question 7

placebo

Answer 7

identical in appearance to actual treatment but of therapeutic value

Question 8

single blind study

Answer 8

subjects do not know what treatment they are receiving

Question 9

double blind study

Answer 9

neither subjects nor investigators know which treatment is being received

Question 10

anatomy

Answer 10

study of the structure of body parts and relationships

Question 11

physiology and what is important to remember

Answer 11

study of the functions of the body’s structural machinery. function always reflects form

Question 12

gross anatomy

Answer 12

can be seen with the naked eye

Question 13

microscopic anatomy

Answer 13

can only be seen with microscope

Question 14

developmental anatomy

Answer 14

how a structure looks as it grows

Question 15

regional anatomy

Answer 15

all the structures in one part of the body

Question 16

systemic anatomy

Answer 16

gross anatomy of the body studied by system

Question 17

surface anatomy

Answer 17

study of internal structures as they relate to the skin

Question 18

cytology

Answer 18

study of cells

Question 19

histology

Answer 19

study of tissues

Question 20

embryology

Answer 20

study of developmental changes before birth

Question 21

pathological anatomy

Answer 21

study of structure changes caused by disease

Question 22

radiographic anatomy

Answer 22

study of internal structures visualized by x-ray

Question 23

molecular biology

Answer 23

study of anatomical structures at subcellular level

Question 24

necessary life funtions

Answer 24

things organisms must DO to survive

Question 25

survival needs

Answer 25

things an organism must GET to survive

Question 26

what are the necessary life functions?

Answer 26

-maintain boundaries (skin and plasma membrane) -movement -responsiveness -digestion -metabolism -excretion -reproduction -growth

Question 27

what are the survival needs?

Answer 27

-nutrient -oxygen -water -maintain normal body temp -atmospheric pressure

Question 28

homeostasis

Answer 28

ability to maintain relatively stable

Question 29

what is a negative feedback loop and what are the steps?

Answer 29

when you must do the opposite to shut off stimulus. receptor, control center, effector

Question 30

what is a positive feedback loop

Answer 30

self amplifying cycle, change leads to even greater change in some direction, builds to climax

Question 31

anatomical position

Answer 31

body erect, feet slightly apart, palms forward, thumbs pointing out

Question 32

prone

Answer 32

on front

Question 33

supine

Answer 33

on back

Question 34

section

Answer 34

actual cut or slice that exposes internal anatomy

Question 35

plane

Answer 35

imaginary flat surface that passes through body

Question 36

coronal plane

Answer 36

vertical place dividing anterior and posterior

Question 37

transversal plane

Answer 37

cross section. horizontal plane diving into superior and inferior

Question 38

midsagittal plane

Answer 38

vertical plane dicing body into equal left and right parts

Question 39

sagittal plane

Answer 39

divides body into left and right unequal halves

Question 40

oblique plane

Answer 40

passes through body at an angle

Question 41

posterior vs anterior

Answer 41

posterior is the back, behind anterior is the front, in front of

Question 42

superior (whats the other word)

Answer 42

cephalic, on top of

Question 43

inferior (whats the other word)

Answer 43

caudal, beneath

Question 44

medial

Answer 44

toward the middle

Question 45

lateral

Answer 45

away from the middle

Question 46

proximal

Answer 46

on appendage toward trunk

Question 47

distal

Answer 47

on appendage away from trunk

Question 48

what is the dorsal cavity and what is it divided into

Answer 48

protects the nervous system. divided into cranial (in the skull encases the brain) and vertebral (vertical column, houses spine)

Question 49

what is the ventral cavity

Answer 49

houses internal organs and viscera, divided into thoracic and abdominopelvic cavity

Question 50

what is the thoracic cavity

Answer 50

above the diaphragm. pleural houses the lungs, mediastinum surrounds remaining thoracic organs and contains pericardial cavity

Question 51

what is the abdominopelvic cavity

Answer 51

below diaphragm. abdominal contains stomach, liver, spleen etc, pelvic contains bladder, reproductive organs, and rectum