Chapter 1 (Statistics)

Question 1

Data based on observations and descriptions (involves senses)/ value cannot be 0

Answer 1

Qualitative Data

Question 2

Data based on numbers of measurements/ can have a value of 0

Answer 2

Quantitative Data

Question 3

A proposition/ makes predictions, is testable, falsifiable, never proven

Answer 3

Hypothesis

Question 4

Broad explanation for things already shown in data, backed by a lot of evidence/ Still testable and falsifiable/ gives us the ability to make predictions

Answer 4

Theory

Question 5

Collection and analysis of data without the need for a preconceived hypothesis/ Goal to gather more information/ ex: testing drugs to look for action against disease

Answer 5

Discovery-based science

Question 6

1. Observations
2. Hypothesis formation
3. Experimentation
4. Data analysis
5. Conclusion

Answer 6

Scientific Method

Question 7

Group that is controlled/ not subjected to one specific variable

Answer 7

Control Group

Question 8

The group that is subjected to a variation that does not occur in the control group/ used to test hypothesis

Answer 8

Experimentation Group

Question 9

Variable that you are changing in an experiment

Answer 9

Independent Variable

Question 10

The variable of interest in an experiment

Answer 10

Dependent Variable

Question 11

The entire set of items that you are interested in

Answer 11

Population

Question 12

A portion of the population

Answer 12

Sample

Question 13

Proposes that no statistical significance exists among a given set of observations

Answer 13

Null hypothesis

Question 14

Proposes that there is statistical significance among a given set of observations

Answer 14

Alternative Hypothesis

Question 15

The outcome of the experiment is not to due to chance alone

Answer 15

Statistically Signifiant

Question 16

Value that tells you how likely it is that the two groups are different

Probability that the results in your sample occurred by chance

Answer 16

P-value

Question 17

Tells us how true the calculated mean and standard deviation from the experiment is according to the population

Gives us P-value

Answer 17

Student T-test

Question 18

The dispersion of values from the average (mean) value

Answer 18

Standard Deviation

Answer 19

Low Standard Deviation

Answer 20

High Standard Deviation

Question 21

How do we do we test the null hypothesis?

Answer 21

Do the students T-test to determine the likelihood that the two samples are statistically different from one another

Question 22

What is the student’s T-test for?

Answer 22

A statistical approach based on small sample sizes/ representative of what you’d measure if you had many more data items

Question 23

3 things you need to do the T-test:

Answer 23

1. Mean (Average) of your two groups
2. Standard deviation/error of the two groups
3. N, or sample number for each group

Question 24

If p<__, it means that you are 95% positive that the two groups are statistically different

Answer 24

0.05

Question 25

Qualitative Data

Answer 25

Data based on observations and descriptions (involves senses)/ value cannot be 0

Question 26

Quantitative Data

Answer 26

Data based on numbers of measurements/ can have a value of 0

Question 27

Hypothesis

Answer 27

A **proposition**/ makes **predictions,** is **testable**, **falsifiable**, *never proven*

Question 28

Theory

Answer 28

Broad explanation for things _already shown in data_, backed by _a lot of evidence_/ Still **testable** and **falsifiable/** gives us the ability to make predictions

Question 29

Discovery-based science

Answer 29

Collection and analysis of data without the need for a preconceived hypothesis/ Goal to gather more information/ **ex: testing drugs to look for action against disease**

Question 30

Scientific Method

Answer 30

1. Observations 2. Hypothesis formation 3. Experimentation 4. Data analysis 5. Conclusion

Question 31

Control Group

Answer 31

Group that is controlled/ not subjected to one specific variable

Question 32

Experimentation Group

Answer 32

The group that is subjected to a variation that _does not_ occur in the control group/ used to test hypothesis

Question 33

Independent Variable

Answer 33

Variable that you are changing in an experiment

Question 34

Dependent Variable

Answer 34

The variable of interest in an experiment

Question 35

Population

Answer 35

The entire set of items that you are interested in

Question 36

Sample

Answer 36

A portion of the population

Question 37

Null hypothesis

Answer 37

Proposes that **no** statistical significance exists among a given set of observations

Question 38

Alternative Hypothesis

Answer 38

Proposes that there **is** statistical significance among a given set of observations

Question 39

Statistically Signifiant

Answer 39

The outcome of the experiment is not to due to chance alone

Question 40

P-value

Answer 40

Value that tells you how likely it is that the two groups are different Probability that the results in your sample occurred by chance

Question 41

Student T-test

Answer 41

Tells us how true the calculated mean and standard deviation from the experiment is according to the population Gives us P-value

Question 42

Standard Deviation

Answer 42

The dispersion of values from the average (mean) value

Question 43

Low Standard Deviation

Answer 43

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Question 44

High Standard Deviation

Answer 44

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