Chapter 1: Structure and Function of the Muscular, Nervous, and Skeletal Systems

Question 1

Each skeletal muscle is surrounded by a later of connective tissue called

Answer 1

epimysium

Question 2

bundles of muscle fibers

Answer 2

fascicles

Question 3

connective tissue forming fascicles

Answer 3

perimysium

Question 4

connective tissue surrounding individual muscle fibers

Answer 4

endomysium

Question 5

These help transmit the force of muscle action to the bone

Answer 5

connective tissue (epi, peri, endo-mysium)

Question 6

plasma membrane of a muscle cell

Answer 6

sacrolemma

Question 7

electrical impulses to the MF

Answer 7

action potentials

Question 8

cytoplasm of the MF

Answer 8

sacroplasm

Question 9

organelle that stores aclcium and regulates the muscle action process by altering the inracellular calcium concentration

Answer 9

sarcoplasmic reticulum

Question 10

channels that form openings in the sacrolemma, and conduct AP

Answer 10

transverse tubules

Question 11

column of protein structures that run parallel to the length of the muscle fiber

Answer 11

myofibrils

Question 12

each myofibril is a budle of these

Answer 12

myofilaments

Question 13

two primary myofilaments

Answer 13

myosin (thick)

actin (thin)

Question 14

this protein acts to maintain the position of the myosin filament relative to actin

Answer 14

titan

Question 15

two regulatory proteins associated with actin

Answer 15

tropomyosin

troponin

Question 16

spans the length of 7 G-actin proteins along the length of the actin filament

Answer 16

tropomyosin

Question 17

each end of the tropomyosin filament is attached to this

Answer 17

troponin

Question 18

this protein acts to ensure the correct length of the actin filaments

Answer 18

nebulin

Question 19

basic contractile unit of the muscle

Answer 19

sacromere

Question 20

The sarcomere extends from here to here

Answer 20

z-line to z-line

Question 21

This is determined by the width of the myosin filament

Answer 21

A-band (dark band)

Question 22

Actin filaments are anchored here

Answer 22

z-line

Question 23

the area of the a band that contains myosin by not actin

Answer 23

H-zone

Question 24

this middle of the H-zone is a dark line called the

Answer 24

M-line

Question 25

this helps align adjacent myosin filaments

Answer 25

M-line

Question 26

this section is composed of only actin, and crosses two sarcomeres

Answer 26

I-band (light band)

Question 27

communication between the nervous and muscle systems occurs here

Answer 27

neuromuscular junction

Question 28

the specialized region on the muscle cell membrane at the NMJ

Answer 28

motor endplate

Question 29

enzyme responsible for spliting the fresh ATP and re-energizing the myosin head during the sliding filament theory

Answer 29

adenosine triphosphatase

Question 30

according to this theory, a muscle shortens or lengthens because the actin and myosin filaments slide past eachother without the filaments themselves changing length

Answer 30

sliding filament theory

Question 31

if the amount of force produced by a muscle is greater than the external resistance this occurs

Answer 31

concentric muscle action

Question 32

if the amount of force produced by a muscle is less than the external resistance this occurs

Answer 32

Eccentric muscle action

Question 33

if the amount of force produced by a muscle is equal to the external resistance this occurs

Answer 33

isometric muscle action

Question 34

discomfort for 24-48 hours after beginning an exercise program or performing novel exercises

Answer 34

DOMS

Question 35

DOMES is thought to be caused by

Answer 35

eccentric muscle action, and the associated damage

Question 36

Best cure for DOMS pain

Answer 36

exercise

Question 37

biochemcial property of muscle fibers to produce ATP aerobically

Answer 37

oxidative capacity

Question 38

substance which delivers oxygen from muscle cells membrane to the mitochondria

Answer 38

myoglobin

Question 39

difference in fibers in the amount of force they produce relative to size (CSA)

Answer 39

specific tension

Question 40

Fibers with high oxidative capacity, fatigue resistant, and contract/relax slowly

Answer 40

type 1, SO, slow-twitch

Question 41

Fibers with fast twitch, large and powerful, with moderate to high anaerobic metabolic capability

Answer 41

Type IIa, FOG | Type IIx, FG

Question 42

Two major portions of the nervous system

Answer 42

CNS | PNS

Question 43

Sensory information flows this way

Answer 43

from the body to the PNS, to the CNS

Question 44

Motor information flows this way

Answer 44

from the CNS to the PNS to the body

Question 45

two divisions of the motor division of the NS

Answer 45

Autonomic | somatic

Question 46

NS under voluntary control

Answer 46

somatic NS

Question 47

NS under involuntary control

Answer 47

autonomic NS

Question 48

Two branches of the autonomic NS

Answer 48

sympathetic | parasympathetic

Question 49

Fight or Flight NS

Answer 49

sympathetic

Question 50

rest and digest NS

Answer 50

parasympathetic

Question 51

Neurons that conduct impulses from the CNS to the muscles

Answer 51

motor neurons or efferent neurons

Question 52

neurons responsible for conducting impules from the periphery toward the CNS

Answer 52

sensory or afferent neurons

Question 53

neuron which is thicker in the middle and tapered at either end

Answer 53

muscle spindle

Question 54

intrafusal fiber

Answer 54

muscle spindle

Question 55

normal MF that muscle spindles lay parallel to

Answer 55

extrafusal fibers

Question 56

This is the reflex that is initiated by the muscle spindle stretching

Answer 56

myotatic or stretch reflex

Question 57

the myotatic or stretch reflex causes this in the muscle being stretched

Answer 57

contraction

Question 58

this is located at the function of the muscle and the tendon that attaches the muscle to the bone

Answer 58

Golgi tendon organ

Question 59

This occurs when the GTO is deformed by stretching

Answer 59

the acting muscle is relaxed and the antagonist muscle is stimulated

Question 60

the motor neuron and the MF it innervates are known as

Answer 60

motor units

Question 61

all fibers of a single motor unit are this

Answer 61

the same MF type

Question 62

method of increasing force production in the muscle that leads to more motor units being recruited

Answer 62

Recruitment

Question 63

method of increaseing force production in a muscle by increasing the firing rate of motor units already activated

Answer 63

Rate Coding

Question 64

The size principle of motor unit recruitiment states this

Answer 64

the first motor units recruited are smaller type 1 MU, followed by type IIa, then type IIx This is because the larger motor units have a higher threshold that must be reached before they are activated

Question 65

two portions of the skeleton

Answer 65

axial skeleton and appendicular skeleton

Question 66

this are bone destorying cells

Answer 66

osteoclasts

Question 67

these are bone building cells

Answer 67

osteoblasts

Question 68

hard dense bone found in the outer layer of shafts of long bones

Answer 68

cortical bone

Question 69

spongy bone

Answer 69

cancellous bone

Question 70

to important minerals that help from the bodies bones

Answer 70

calcium and phosphorus

Question 71

"porous bones"

Answer 71

osteoporosis

Question 72

These activities increase the health/density of bone

Answer 72

weight bearing and resistance training exercises

Question 73

connect bone to muscle

Answer 73

tendon

Question 74

connect bone to bone

Answer 74

ligament

Question 75

tendons are fromed of this primarily

Answer 75

inelastic protien, collagen

Question 76

ligaments are also formed of collagen and this protein

Answer 76

elastin