Chapter 1 - Structure Bonding

Question 1

The electron density is highest at the ____ and drops of exponentially ________

Answer 1

Nucleus, as distance from the nucleus increases

Question 2

As n increases, the shells are

Answer 2

Farther from the nucleus and higher in energy

Question 3

There are ___ 2p orbitals oriented at ___ angles to each other

Answer 3

Three, right angles

Question 4

What is the octet rule?

Answer 4

Electrons are transferred or shared between atoms to obtain a complete octet

Question 5

When electrons are shared evenly, the bond is said to be ______

Answer 5

Nonpolar covalent

Question 6

When electrons are not shared evenly between the atoms, the bond is _____

Answer 6

Polar covalent

Question 7

Electronegativities can be used to predict _____ and ____

Answer 7

Bond polarity, direction of the dipole moment

Question 8

Formal charge equation

Answer 8

FC = [group number] - [nonbonding electrons] - 1/2 [shared electrons]

Question 9

Spreading electrons over multiple atoms (delocalization) leads to _________

Answer 9

Greater stability

Question 10

True or False
Resonance forms are Lewis Structures that can be inter converted by moving electrons but not atoms

Answer 10

True, atoms can never be moved

Question 11

Resonance forms can be compared using the following criteria:

Answer 11

1. Has as many octets as possible
2. Has as many bonds as possible
3. Has the negative charge on the most electronegative atom and/or positive charge on the most electro positive atom
4. Has as little charge separation as possible

Question 12

Molecular vs empirical formula

Answer 12

Number of atoms of each element vs relative ratios of each element present

Question 13

Combining atomic orbitals between two DIFFERENT atoms is ____

Answer 13

Bond formation —> Molecular orbitals

Question 14

Combining orbitals on the SAME atom is ______

Answer 14

Hybridization

Question 15

The bonding molecular orbital is ____ in energy than the original atomic orbitals

Answer 15

Lower (electrons get filled)

Question 16

The anti bonding MO is ____ in energy than the atomic orbitals

Answer 16

Higher

Question 17

A double bond consists of a ____ bond and a ___ bond

Answer 17

Sigma, pi

Question 18

A triple bond consists of a ____ bond and two ____ bonds

Answer 18

Sigma, pi

Question 19

Valence-shell electron-pair repulsion theory is used to _______

Answer 19

Explain the molecular shape of molecules

Question 20

SP hybrid orbitals result when

Answer 20

Orbitals in the same atom combine

Question 21

What shape is associated with sp hybrid orbitals?

Answer 21

Linear electron pair geometry (180 degree bond angles)

Question 22

Sp2 hybrid orbitals form when

Answer 22

One s orbital and two p orbitals combine to form 3 sp2 orbitals

Question 23

What shape is associated with sp2 hybrid orbitals?

Answer 23

Trigonal planar geometry (120 degree bond angle)

Question 24

Sp3 hybrid orbitals form when

Answer 24

One s and 3 p orbitals combine to form four sp3 orbitals

Question 25

What shape is associated with sp3 hybrid orbitals?

Answer 25

Tetrahedral (109.5 degree bond angles)

Question 26

How can you determine the hybridization of an atom?

Answer 26

Count how many bonding atoms are connected (bonds and lone pairs)

Question 27

Single bonds are allowed to rotate giving a variety of ______

Answer 27

Conformations

Question 28

True or False
Double bonds can rotate

Answer 28

False

Question 29

Constitutional isomers differ in _____

Answer 29

Bonding sequence (same total # of carbons and hydrogens)

Question 30

Stereoisomers differ only in ______

Answer 30

Arrangement of the atoms in space