Chapter 1 Study Guide Questions

Question 1

What are the seven characteristics of life?

Answer 1

1. Highly organized/made of cells
2. Homeostasis
3. Reproduction
4. Growth and Development
5. Take energy and matter from the environment
6. Respond to stimuli
7. Adaptation

Question 2

What is necessary for life to emerge on a planet?

Answer 2

Liquid water, Carbon, and Energy.

Question 3

What is NASA’s definition for life?

Answer 3

“A self-sustaining chemical system capable of Darwinian evolution.”

Question 4

What is the Miller-Urey Experiment?

Answer 4

Methane, Ammonia, and Hydrogen gases were concentrated and then an electrical current was delivered to it to create organic matter.

Question 5

What substance could replace carbon on another planet?

Answer 5

Silicone

Question 6

What substance could replace water on another planet?

Answer 6

Ammonia

Question 7

What are the steps in the origin of life/cells?

Answer 7

1. Formation of organic molecules in primitive earth atmosphere
2. Formation of macromolecules
3. Macromolecules direct their own synthesis - RNA and Ribozyme (Tom Cech and Sid Altman)
4. Enclosure of self-replication RNA in membrane

Question 8

What are the steps for the origin of eukaryotic cells?

Answer 8

1. Acquisition of membrane - enclosed sub-cellular organelles (mito and chloro)
2. Development of multi-cellular organisms

Question 9

What components are necessary for life to emerge on a planet and why?

Answer 9

Water (liquid) - for chemical reactions
Carbon - forms chemical bonds (single, double, triple)
Energy -

Question 10

What substance could replace water on another planet?

Answer 10

Ammonia

Question 11

Who was Matthias Schleiden? And what did he say?

Answer 11

1839 Botanist. “All plants are made of cells”

Question 12

Who was Theodore Schwann? What did he say?

Answer 12

1839 Zoologist. “All animals are made of cells”

Question 13

Who was Rudolf Virchow? What did he say?

Answer 13

—— “omnis cellula a cellula”

All cells come from preexisting cells.

Question 14

What type of mutation is sickle cell anemia?

Answer 14

Autosomal recessive - missense.

E6V

Hemoglobin mutation.

Question 15

What are the symptoms of sickle cell anemia?

Answer 15

• Tissues are starved of O2
• Sores develop
• the RBCs are sickle shaped and can clog arteries
• leads to pain and strokes

Question 16

What kind of mutation is Marfan Syndrome?

Answer 16

Autosomal dominant - missense.

A705T

Fibrillin-1

Question 17

How rare is Marfan Syndrome?

Answer 17

1 in 500

Question 18

What are the symptoms of Marfan Syndrome?

Answer 18

• Long arms
• ct of aorta can become defective and lead to a leak and death
• near sightedness
• Abraham Lincoln might have had this.

Question 19

What type of cell is Escherichia coil?

Answer 19

Prokaryote

Question 20

Which model organism doubles every 20 minutes and has the same genetic instructions as humans?

Answer 20

Escherichia coil

Question 21

What type of cell is Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Brewer’s yeast)?

Answer 21

Eukaryote

Question 22

Which model organism was used to gain an understanding of the cell cycle and has highly conserved proteins?

Answer 22

Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

Question 23

What are the reasons Saccharomyces cerevisiae is considered a model organism?

Answer 23

• rapids reproduction
• easy and cheap to grow
• carries on basic tasks of eukaryotes
• cell cycle understanding was gained
• has highly conserved proteins

Question 24

Which model organism gave us an understanding for crop plants and it’s genes have counterparts in agriculture species?

Answer 24

Arabidupsis thaliana (sp)

Question 25

Why is Arabidupsis thaliana considered a model organism?

Answer 25

- very close evolutionary relationship with flowering plants - 1000s of offspring in 8-10 weeks - genes have counterparts in agriculture species - given us understanding of crop plants

Question 26

What mutation that occurs in neurofibromatosis?

Answer 26

Autosomal Dominant - Nonsense NF-2 gene is mutated, protein neurofibromin (tumor suppressor)

Question 27

What are the symptoms of neurofibromatosis?

Answer 27

Tumors develop from spots on the skin

Question 28

What is the mutation that occurs in retinoblastoma?

Answer 28

Autosomal Dominant - nonsense Gene RB1 (tumor suppressor)

Question 29

What are the symptoms of retinoblastoma?

Answer 29

Tumor in the retina of eye.

Question 30

What is the mutation that occurs in Huntington's Disease?

Answer 30

Autosomal dominant - insertion Normal gene results when CAG repeats 35, but if it is repeated less, then it is the disease. Normal gene: Htt, protein huntingtin

Question 31

What are the symptoms of Huntington's Disease?

Answer 31

- Fatality - Deteriorates physical well-being as well as mental well-being. - Breaks down nerve cells

Question 32

What is the mutation of Hutchinson-Guilford Progeria?

Answer 32

Silent mutation G608G Mutation is noted as the nucleotide cytosine with thymine at position 1824.

Question 33

What are the symptoms of Hutchinson-Guilford Progeria?

Answer 33

- Severe atherosclerosis in childhood | - Increased risk of stroke or heart attack at young age