Chapter 1: Terminology Flashcards
1
Q
Human Anatomy
A
Structure of the body
2
Q
Human physiology
A
Function of the body
3
Q
What is the levels of organization in order from smallest to largest?
A
- Atom
- Chemical
- Organelles
- Cells
- Tissues
- Organ
- Organ system
- Organism
4
Q
What is an atom?
A
Smallest unit of matter that combines to form a chemical
5
Q
What is chemical?
A
Substance made up of matter
6
Q
What is an organelle?
A
Structure inside of cells that perform a specific function.
7
Q
What is a cell?
A
Basic units of livings things
8
Q
What is a tissue?
A
Groups of cells working together to perform a certain function.
9
Q
What is an organ?
A
Groups of tissues working together to perform a certain function.
10
Q
What is an organ system?
A
Groups of organs working together to perform a certain function.
11
Q
What is an organism?
A
Groups of organ/body systems working together
12
Q
What is the function of the integumentary system and major organs?
A
- Function: Protects the body and regulates temperature
- Major Organ: Skin, hair nails, sweat glands
13
Q
What is the function of the skeletal system and major organs?
A
- Function: Provides structure and support, protects organs, works with muscles to allow movement.
- Major Organs: Bones (femur, ribs, skull) and cartilage, ligaments, joints
14
Q
What is the function of muscular system and major organs?
A
- Functions: Allows movement, maintains posture, generates heat
- Major organs: Skeletal (biceps) and Cardiac muscle (heart), smooth muscle (organs like stomach and intestines)
15
Q
What is the function of nervous system and major organs?
A
- Function: Controls body activities by sending electrical signals and processes sensory information
- Major Organs: Brain, Spinal Cord, Nerves (like those in hands and legs)
16
Q
What is the function of endocrine system and major organs?
A
- Function: Produces hormones that regulates body processes like growth, metabolism, hormones
- Major Organs: Pituitary gland thyroid gland, adrenal glands, pancreas
17
Q
What is the function of cardiovascular system and major organ?
A
- Function: Pumps blood, delivers oxygen and nutrients and removes waste
- Major Organs: Heart, blood vessels, blood
18
Q
What is the function of lymphatic system and major organs?
A
- Function: Fights infections and removes waste
- Major Organs: Lymph Nodes, spleen, tonsils, thymus
19
Q
What is the function of the respiratory system and major organs?
A
- Function: Brings in oxygen and removes carbon dioxide
- Major Organs: Lungs, Trachea, Bronchi, diaphragm
20
Q
What is function of digestive system and major organs?
A
- Function: Breaks down food into nutrients and removes waste
- Major Organs: Stomach, intestines, liver, Pancreas
21
Q
What is the function of urinary system and major organs?
A
- Function: Removes waste and excess substances from blood to form urine, maintains fluid balance
- Major Organs: Kidneys, bladder, urethra, ureters
22
Q
What is the function of reproductive systems?
A
- Functions: Produce sex cells and hormones
- Major organs: Ovaries, uterus, testis, penis
23
Q
In anatomical position, the palms are facing ______.
A
Forward
24
Q
Cranial
A
Skull
25
Cephalic
Head
26
Frontal
Forehead
27
Ocular
Eye
28
Buccal
Cheek
29
Cervical
Neck
30
Oral
Mouth
31
Pelvic
Pelvis
32
Thoracic
Ribcage
33
Axillary
Armpit
34
Mammary
Breast
35
Brachial
Arm
36
Scapular
Shoulder blade
37
Digital (phalangeal)
Fingers and toes
38
Patellar
Knee cap
39
Crural
Between knee and ankle
40
Pectoral
Chest
41
Tarsal
Ankle
42
Pedal
Foot
43
Hallux
Great toe
44
Popliteal
Back of knee
45
Calcaneal
Heal of foot
46
Perineal
Area between anus and genitals
47
Abdominal
Abdomen
48
Umbilical
Navel
49
Antecubital
Front of elbow
50
Antebrachial
Forearm
51
Palmer
Palm
52
Carpal
Wrist
53
Pollex
Thumb
54
Manual
Hand
55
Mental
Chin
56
Pubic
Pubis
57
Inguinal
Groin
58
Coxal
Hip
59
Femoral
Thigh
60
Vertebral
Vertebrae
61
Acromial
Shoulder
62
Dorsal
Back
63
Olecranal
Back of elbow
64
Lumbar
Loin (back)
65
Gluteal
Buttock
66
Sural
Calf
67
Plantar
Sole of foot
68
Peroneal (fibular)
Fibula
69
Sternal
Breastbone
70
Anterior
Front (same as ventral)
71
Ventral
Belly side (same as anterior)
72
Dorsal
Back (same as posterior)
73
Posterior
Back
74
Cranial
Towards the skull (if in anatomical position)
75
Inferior
Below
76
Superior
Above
77
Medial
Towards midline
78
Lateral
Away from midline
79
Distal
Farther from trunk (limbs only)
80
Proximal
Closer to trunk (limbs only)
81
Superficial
Close to surface
82
Deep
Farther from surface (inside)
83
Visceral
Internal organs (within cavities)
84
Parietal
Walls of a body cavity or outer layer surrounding an organ
85
Ipsilateral
Same side of the body
Ex. Injury on right arm and injury on the right leg
86
Bilateral
Both side of body
Ex. Injury on both right and left knee
87
Contralateral
Opposite side of body
Ex. Injury on right leg and pain on left arm
88
Transverse/Cross Section
Cut in upper and lower parts
89
Sagittal Section
Cut in right and left parts
90
Mid-Sagittal Section
Cut in equal right and left parts
91
Frontal (coronal) Section
Cut into anterior and posterior parts (front and back)
92
Dorsal cavity
The two cavities that houses the nervous system
93
What are the two dorsal cavities?
1. Cranial Cavity
2. Spinal Cavity
94
The dorsal cavities are lined with _____, connective tissues that protect the organs inside these cavities.
Meninges (Layers of tissues that protect the brain and spinal cord)
95
Ventral cavity
Two main cavities separated by the diaphragm
96
What are the two main parts of the ventral cavity?
1. Thoracic Cavity
2. Abdominopelvic (Abdominal) Cavity
97
What two organs are in the thoracic cavity?
1. Lungs
2. Heart
98
Lungs are covered by _____.
Pleura
99
What is pleura?
Serous membrane Tissues surrounding and lining lungs that secretes fluid between the lungs to prevent friction.
100
Where is visceral pleura located?
Directly on lung
101
Where is parietal pleura located?
Lines the inner surface of the chest wall (Attached to ribcage and diaphragm)
102
Mediastinum
The space between lungs
103
What organs are located in the mediastinum?
- Heart
- Trachea
- Esophagus
- Great vessels
104
Pericardium
Tissue surrounding heart
105
The pericardium has a visceral layer and a parietal layer. Between these layers of pericardium is a _____ cavity with small amount of fluid.
Pericardial
106
Abdominopelvic cavity is lined by tissues called ________.
Peritoneum
107
Where is the visceral peritoneum located?
Directly on abdominal organs
108
Where is the parietal peritoneum located?
Lining the abdominal cavity and covers
109
Abdominal cavity contains digestive organs like:
Stomach, liver, intestines
110
Pelvic cavity contains:
Reproductive organs
111
Homeostasis
The ability to maintain a stable internal environment
112
What are two regulatory systems?
- Endocrine System
- Nervous System
113
What are **regulatory systems**?
Help keep the body’s internal environment stable
114
What does the **endocrine system do**?
An endocrine system organ makes a hormone that travels through the blood to act on another part of the body.
115
What does the nervous system do?
The nervous system controls and coordinates everything in the body. It sends and receives messages between the brain, spinal cord, and the rest of the body to help you move, think, feel, and respond to change around you.
116
Homeostasis is regulated by _______ and ________ feedback.
Positive and Negative
117
Negative Feedback
Helps keeps things balanced
118
Ex. When body temperature is low, the body will _____ to keep body temperature up.
Shiver
119
Ex. When body temperature is too high, body will ______.
Sweat
120
What homeostatic mechanism helps restore normal temperature when body temperature is low?
Shivering
121
What is the purpose of shivering? Sweating?
Help regulate body temperature
122
Is body temperature primarily controlled by the endocrine system or nervous system?
Nervous System
123
What homeostatic mechanism helps restore normal glucose when blood sugar is low?
Glucagon
124
Is that an endocrine or nervous system response?
Endocrine System
125
Positive Feedback
Initial change causes an even greater change
126
Why aren’t positive feedback mechanisms very common in the human body?
They amplify changes rather than bringing things back to normal
127
How does positive feedback work in labor and delivery?
Baby pushes down on the uterus (cervix) of the mother. The pressure sends an impulse to the brain and the brain makes hormone oxytocin that causes the uterus to contract (smaller) . The uterus contracts and baby pushes even more on the cervix. This cycle continues until the baby is born.
128
How does positive feedback work in blood clotting?
Happens when there is a bleed in blood vessel, platelets stick to opening which release chemicals to make other platelets stick which release more chemicals to attract more platelets.
