Chapter 1 Test

Question 1

Which perspective focuses on how human development is shaped mostly by rewards and punishments in the environment?

Answer 1

behavioral

Question 2

In an experimental study the researchers attempt to hold all variables constant except for the ______, which is intentionally manipulated.

Answer 2

independent variable

Question 3

Correlational research cannot prove if there is a cause-and-effect between the two variable studied because of possible _________.

Answer 3

Third Variables

Question 4

With _______ research the researcher is able to tell whether a relationship exists between two factors.

Answer 4

correlational

Question 5

A culture which emphasizes family and society over the needs of the individual is known as a ______ culture.

Answer 5

None of these (socialist, proletariat, communal or communist, individualistic)

Answer: collectivist culture.

Question 6

The _____ perspective of developmental psychology emphasizes the role of things such as the brain and neurotransmitters in making us who we are.

Answer 6

Biological

Question 7

Which theory emphasizes the ways in which cognitive development occurs as a result of culture and social interactions between children and those around them?

Answer 7

Sociocultural

Question 8

Which of the following is an example of a culture which is extremely individualistic?

Answer 8

All of them(USA, Australia, Canada, Western Europe)

Question 9

What type of psychological research attempts to control the environment to determine if there is a cause-and-effect relationships between variables?

Answer 9

experimental

Question 10

Reciprocal determinism states that learning and development is a process of

Answer 10

interaction between the person and environment

Question 11

Correlational research cannot prove cause because of possible problems with

Answer 11

third variables

Question 12

A researcher is interested in learning how moral development changes between the ages of 5 and 15, so the researcher follows a group across this age span testing them repeatedly over the years. This is known as ________ research.

Answer 12

longitudinal

Question 13

The group of participants who receive the manipulated “cause” variable (the independent variable) in an experiment are called the __________.

Answer 13

experimental group

Question 14

Researchers using mental task solving as part of their research are most likely researching ________ development.

Answer 14

none of these (social learning, behavioral, ecological, psychosocial)

Answer: cognitive development

Question 15

Children growing up in individualistic cultures are taught to _____.

Answer 15

All of these (value personal choice, be independent, think highly of themselves, be assertive)

Question 16

The Developmental Time-Span Research method that is both the most effective and the most accurate at demonstrating true developmental changes is the ______ research design.

Answer 16

longitudinal

Question 17

Mayan mothers consider constant contact with their infant to be essential being a good parent and the healthy development of their child. This is an example of the influence of ______.

Answer 17

culture

Question 18

A correlational study finds that as Variable A goes up, so does Variable B, this is known as a/an _____________.

Answer 18

Positive Correlation

Question 19

A researcher creates two different conditions in a controlled environment, and then compares the different outcomes of the participants exposed to the different conditions, this is ________.

Answer 19

experimental research

Question 20

The culture that emphasizes personal goals and success over the needs of family or society is known as a ______ culture.

Answer 20

individualistic

Question 21

If a person believes only THEIR culture is correct in how to live life it is an example of _____.

Answer 21

ethnocentrism

Question 22

Researchers conduct an experiment in which one group is exposed to Treatment A and the other group is exposed to Treatment B. The people receiving these two different treatments are the _________.

Answer 22

experimental groups

Question 23

Even if there is a cause-and-effect relationship between variables, correlational research alone cannot determine this because of the question of __________.

Answer 23

directionality

Question 24

The most important aspect of an experimental study is

Answer 24

controlling the variables

Question 25

Which of the following is an example of a culture which is in the middle of the continuum, when it comes to being individualistic versus collectivistic?

Answer 25

All of these (Mexico, India, Argentina, Brazil)

Question 26

The main benefit of doing Correlational Research is that it allows researchers to

Answer 26

discover relationships

Question 27

Correlational research cannot prove any cause-and-effect because of possible problems with

Answer 27

directionality

Question 28

Observing real life, and looking for variables that relate to each other, is the core of a/an ________.

Answer 28

correlational study

Question 29

Bandura's Bobo Doll study found that children learn how to behave through

Answer 29

observation

Question 30

Believing that one's own culture is normal, and other cultures differences are weird or bad, is known as

Answer 30

ethnocentrism

Question 31

In psychological research a group who were all born around the same time and in the same general place are called a/an _______.

Answer 31

cohort

Question 32

Which aspect of environmental influence is the largest, and is ever-present?

Answer 32

culture

Question 33

The _______ approach to developmental psychology involves the ways that intellectual and mental capabilities change and influence a person's behavior across the lifespan.

Answer 33

cognitive

Question 34

Which perspective considers the relationship between individuals and the different levels of their environment?

Answer 34

Ecological System

Question 35

Researchers conduct a long-term study investigating how problem-solving skills change across the years of attending college - what type of development are the researchers most likely studying?

Answer 35

cognitive

Question 36

What type of psychological research observes without controlling, and looks for relationships between variables?

Answer 36

correlation

Question 37

Research where one group is measured repeatedly over time as they age is called __________ research.

Answer 37

none of these (cross sectional, experimental, correlational, sequential)

Question 38

To study developmental changes researchers collect data on the self-esteem so 4-year-olds, 6-year-olds, and 8-year-olds, and use just that data to draw conclusions about age and self-esteem. This is known as _______ research.

Answer 38

cross-sectional

Question 39

Which psychological perspective says development is shaped by many different levels of the environment?

Answer 39

none of these (learning behavioral theory, humanistic, vygotsky's sociocultural theory, contextual) | Answer: ecological systems theory

Question 40

A major benefit of correlational research is ___________.

Answer 40

All of these (discovering the strength of a relationship between variables, discovering relationships, predicting variables, understanding if a relationship betweeen variables is positive or negative)

Question 41

Which theoretical perspective emphasizes the role of environment, and how everyone is so strongly shaped by environmental rewards and punishments?

Answer 41

behavioral

Question 42

Children growing up in collectivistic cultures are taught to ________.

Answer 42

All of these (put family first, be considerate of the group, be obedient, respect authority)

Question 43

Which psychological perspective seeks to explain human behavior based on issues such as genetic inheritence?

Answer 43

biological

Question 44

Which perspective believes that the most important developmental force that shapes us are predictable psychosocial crises?

Answer 44

psychosocial

Question 45

What type of developmental research is a mixed approach that studies several groups of people of different ages, and also studies them at several different points in time?

Answer 45

sequential

Question 46

The Developmental Research method that takes a "hybrid" approach, and tries to get better data than the fast/easy approach does, but also doesn't take quite as long as the best approach does, is the _______ research method

Answer 46

sequential

Question 47

Children growing up in individualistic cultures are taught to _____.

Answer 47

All of these ( be assertive, think highly of themselves, value personal choice, be independent )

Question 48

To learn about gender and children's toy preferences, researchers observe children playing at a school, and measure which toys are used more by boys versus girls in real life. This is an example of ________ research.

Answer 48

correlational

Question 49

All developmental psychology studies the growth and change of humans over time, and it always takes a/an _______ approach.

Answer 49

scientific

Question 50

________ research is designed to discover the cause-and-effect relationships between the variables being studied.

Answer 50

experimental

Question 51

Which psychological perspective emphasizes the importance of how children learn just by watching others, including watching strangers on TV?

Answer 51

social learning theory

Question 52

The main reason that the Cross-Sectional approach towards developmental research may create misleading results, is because of problems with

Answer 52

cohort effect

Question 53

People who were in highschool in 2020 and suddenly had to stay home and attend school online due to the pandemic experienced unique shared challenges that are called _______ effects.

Answer 53

cohort

Question 54

The Developmental Time-Span Research method that is both the cheapest and fastest is the _______ research design.

Answer 54

cross sectional

Question 55

What type of research is designed specifically to explain the cause-and-effect relationship between variables?

Answer 55

none of these ( correlational, cross-sectional, longitudinal, sequential)

Question 56

If a person believes only THEIR culture is correct in how to live life it is an example of _____.

Answer 56

ethnocentrism

Question 57

A correlational study finds no link or predictive value between two variables. This means the correlational coefficient would be

Answer 57

0