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SCH4U > Chapter 1 Test > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Test Flashcards

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1
Q

What is organic chemistry?

A

Branch of chemistry which involves the study of the chemical compounds consisting primarily of carbon and hydrogen.

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2
Q

Why is Carbon special?

A
  • Form single, double, and triple bonds
  • Form linear or branched molecules
  • Arranged in rings to form a variety of structures
  • Large and complex compounds formed
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3
Q

What is the significance of the structure of a Carbon atom?

A
  • 4 valence electrons; involved in chemical reactions
  • Therefore, carbon can form 4 covalent bonds with other atoms
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4
Q

What is an alkane?

A
  • Saturated hydrocarbon
  • All bonds between carbon atoms are single bonds
  • CnH2n+2
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5
Q

List the first 10 alkanes in order of increasing carbon atoms (1–10)

A

Methane, ethane, propane, butane, pentane, hexane, heptane, octane, nonane, decane.

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6
Q

Alkanes in which the carbon atoms form long chains are called _ alkanes.

A

Straight-chain

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7
Q

What is a cyclic alkane?

A

A hydrocarbon in which the main structure consists of a chain of carbon atoms joined to form a closed ring.

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8
Q

List the name of common branches.

A

bromo (Br), chloro (Cl), fluoro (F), iodo (I), hydroxy (OH), amino (NH2), nitro (NO2)

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9
Q

What is an alkene?

A
  • Unsaturated hydrocarbon
  • At least one C=C double bond
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10
Q

What is an alkyne?

A
  • Unsaturated hydrocarbon
  • At least one C≡C triple bond
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11
Q

What is an aromatic hydrocarbon?

A
  • Unsaturated cyclic hydrocarbon
  • Electrons shared equally around ring
  • 6 identical 1.5 bonds present,
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12
Q

What is benzene called in a branch?

A

phenyl

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13
Q

In what situations would benzene NOT be the parent?

A
  • Linear chain contains double/triple bond
  • Linear chain has more than 6 carbons
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14
Q

What is an isomer?

A
  • Molecules with same molecular formula
  • Different arrangements
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15
Q

What is a CONSTITUTIONAL isomer?

A
  • Molecules that have the same molecular formula
  • Different atom to atom connection
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16
Q

How many hydrogens are lost through adding: double bond, triple bond, ring

A

2H, 4H, 2H

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17
Q

What is a STEREOisomer?

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A
  • Molecules with same molecular formula and atom to atom connection
  • Different 3-D orientations of their atoms in space
  • Occurs in alkenes
18
Q

What are cis and trans isomers?

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A
  • Cis: Larger groups are on the same side of the double bond
  • Trans: Larger groups are on opposide side of the double bond
19
Q

What is a combustion reaction?

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A
  • Hydrocarbon + O2 –> CO2 + H2O + energy
  • not spontaneous, started by spark, heat, light
  • Source of useful energy for humans
20
Q

What is a complete combustion?

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A
  • Occurs when oxygen supply is abundant
  • Releases most energy from fuel molecules
  • Blue and hot flame
21
Q

What is an incomplete combustion?

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A
  • Occurs when oxygen supply is limited
  • Additionally creates CO(g) and C(s)
    *Flames are cool and yellow and sooty
  • CO binds to hemoglobin and doesnt allow blood to carry oxygen …
  • C creates black ash/soot
22
Q

What is an addition reaction of alkene?

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A
  • Atoms are added to a double bond
  • End products are alkanes (saturated!)
23
Q

What is an elimination reaction?

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A
  • Atoms are removed to form a double bond between 2 carbon atoms
  • Hydrocarbon becomes unsaturated
  • Opposite of addition reaction
24
Q

What is Markovnikov’s rule for addition and elimination reactions?

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A

Addition reactions: The major product is where the H atom adds to the carbon with more H atoms

Elimination reactions: The major product is where the H atom removes from the carbon with less H atoms

25
What are every day uses of hydrocarbons with the following number of carbons: 1-4, 5-16, 16-22, 18>, 26>
1-4: gases, used in cooking and heating 5-16: liquids, used in fuels for engines 16-22: heavy liquids, lubricating oils or oil burning furnaces 18>: semi-solids, candles and wax papers and cosmetics 26>: solid residues, aslphast and tars for roofing and paving
26
What is a physical property?
* Observed without changing composition of matter (breaking bonds) * Used to observe and describe matter * State, colour, smell, viscosity, density, texture, melting/boiling points, ...
27
What are intermolecular forces?
* Attractive forces between molecules * Determines physical properties of a compound
28
What are the intermolecular forces between hydrocarbon molecules called?
London dispersion forces.
29
How do london dispersion forces determine the physical properties of hydrocarbons?
WEAK LONDON DISPERSION FORCES: * Small hydrocarbons have small surface area * low bemlting and boiling points - not much energy needed to break bonds * gases STRONG LONDON DISPERSION FORCES: * Big hydrocarbons have big surface area * high melting and boiling points - more eneryg needed to break bonds * liquids and solids
30
Describe hydrocarbons and their solubility in water
* Very low solubility * Fats and water do not mix
31
What is distillation?
Separating various hydrocarbons in a mixture from one another by using the differences in boiling points
32
How does fractional distillation work?
1. Crude oil heated to become vapour (350 C) 2. Hot gas enters column moving up- each fraction condenses at a different temperature 3. Liquid collected in trays - high BPs condense on lower trays, low BP condense on higher trays. 4. Trays have valves to allow vapour to bubble through
33
What is reflux in fractional distillation?
Substances with lower boiling points travel father up the column, while ones with higher boiling points drip back down
34
What is the significance of fractional distillation?
To separate high demand (and cost) from the low demand products.
35
How many carbons in the most valuable hydrocarbons in petroleum?
5-12 carbons
36
What is a fraction?
Portions that contain similar sized hydrocarbon molecules
37
What is gasoline?
Mixture of liquid organic materials * contains around 10% ethanol * hydrocarbons like octane
38
How does octane rating affect gasoline?
* All grades contain same amount of energy * High grade gasoline burns more smoothly * Stands up to higher compression before it denotates
39
What is engine knocking?
* Fuel burns unevenly in your engines cylinders * Normally regulared pockets of fuel burning in a cycle- whereas knocking causes uneven burning * annoying noise and potential damage to engine's cylinder walls and pistons
40
What is cracking and how does it work?
* Converts straight-chain hydrocarbons into shorter branched-chain alkanes * Breaks aparts large hydrocarbon molecules into smaller molecules * Hydrocarbons mized with catalyst and heated to high temp (400-500)
41
What is the most valuable and profitable fraction?
Gasoline * especially high octane gasoline

SCH4U (4 decks)

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