Chapter 2 Test

Question 1

Alcohol groups and naming

Answer 1

• Has hydroxy functional group (-OH)
• Give location of -OH and add suffix -“ol”
• C1 closer to -OH group

Question 2

Ether groups and naming

Answer 2

• Has ether group (CH3-O-CH3)
• Treat longer side of Oxygen as parent and shorter side as a branch, connect the two with “oxy”
• Location should be closest to C1

Question 3

Aldehyde group and naming

Answer 3

• C=O/carbonyl found at the end of a chain
• TERMINAL
• Add “-Al” to the end of name. No location needed

Question 4

Ketones group and naming

Answer 4

• C=O/carbonyl found in the interior of chain
• INTERNAL
• Give location to carbonyl group, chnage name to -ONE

Question 5

Carboxylic Acids group and naming

Answer 5

• Contains carboxyl group (db to O, sb to OH) / -COOH
• Add -oic at end of name, location not needed since carboxyl is always at the end

Question 6

Esters group and naming

Answer 6

• Artificial smells and tastes
• Contains carbon db to O and sb to O
• Name the group attached to -O- first (even if longer than parent), then group attached to carboxyl + “anoate”

Question 7

Amides group and naming

Answer 7

• Contains amide group- carbonyl is bonded to N
• Name branch bonded to N first, then name chain containing C=O as parent, ending with “-Amide”
• C1 is the carbon in the carbonyl group
• Use “N” as location indicator for the branch (unneeded if N is terminal)

Question 8

Amines group and naming

Answer 8

• Similar to amides, does not contain carbonyl
• N bonded to alkyl group and 2 H
• Name longest chain bonded to N as parent, ending with “-amine”, locate carbon where amine group is
• Shorter chain bonded to nitrogen as branch, use N as an indicator

Question 9

What are london dispersion forces?

Answer 9

• Attractive forces between nonpolar molecules
• Depends on surface area- Large SA = Large force = High melting/boiling point
• low melting and boiling points
• not soluble in water
• C-C or C-H bonds : non polar
• Present between all molecules

Question 10

What are dipole-dipole forces?

Answer 10

• Attraction between opposite charges in two polar molecules!
• Unequal sharing of electrons due to electronegativity differences… partially negative side of one molecule attracted to partially positive side of another
• ATTRACTION- not a bond.
• higher mp/bp than london
• soluble if high number of O or N
• contains C-O or C-N bonds : polar

Question 11

What is hydrogen bonding?

Answer 11

• Occurs when H attaches to N, O (H is very partially positive, N/O is very partially negative): polarc
• Intermolecular fore between one molecules H and other molecules N/O forms H bond
• VERY STRONG DIPOLE DIPOLE!
• most soluble in water
• highest melting and boiling point

Question 12

Condensation/Dehydration reactions info and possibilities

Answer 12

• Two molecules combined to make one larger molecule and water
  1. alcohol + alcohol –> ether + water
  2. carboxylic acid + alcohol –> ester + water
  3. carboxylic acid + amine –> amide + water

Question 13

Hydrolysis reactions info and possibilities

Answer 13

• Opposite of condensation
• Water (R) cuts 1 large molecule into 2 smaller molecules
  1. Ether + water –> alcohol + alcohol
  2. Ester + water –> carboxylic acid + alcohol
  3. Amide + water –> carboxylic acid + amine

Question 14

What are the reactions of alcohol?

Answer 14

• Oxidation and reduction
• REDOX

Question 15

Types of alcohols

Answer 15

• Primary alcohol: 1C directly attached
• Secondary alcohol: 2C directly attached
• Tertiary alcohol: 3C directly attached

Question 16

Oxidation reactions info and possibilities

Answer 16

• Atom of molecule gains oxygen, loses hydrogen or electron
• Primary alcohol –> aldehyde –> carboxylic acid
• Secondary alcohol –> ketone
• Tertiary alchohol –> NR

Question 17

Reduction reactions info and possibilities

Answer 17

• Atom of molecule loses an oxygen, gains a hydrogen or electron
• Carboxylic acid –> aldehyde –> primary alcohol
• Ketone –> secondary alcohol

Question 18

Addition polymers

Answer 18

• Results from addition reactions of monomers with double or triple carbon-carbon bonds
• Double bonds in monomers open up and form bonds with other monomer molecules

Question 19

What is a plastic?

Answer 19

• Synthetic polymer moulded into shape in heat and retaining when cooled
• manufactured from petrochemicals
• polymers!!!
• Chemically stable, moulded, flexible, resist breakage
• Take 500-1000 years to decompose

Question 20

Condensation polymer

Answer 20

• Formed as a result of condensation reaction to form either ester or amide linkages
• Monomer must have 2 functional groups capable of condensation reactions
• can be made biodegradable due to bacteria hydrolyzing amide or ester linkages

Question 21

Polyester

Answer 21

• polymer formed by condensation reaction between carboxylic acid and alcohol
• resutling in ester linkages between monomers

Question 22

Polyamide

Answer 22

• Polymer formed by condesation reaction between carboxylic acid and amine
• resulting in amide bonds between monomers
• exceptionally strong fibres due to network of hydrogen bonds