Chapter 1 Test

Question 1

soul

Answer 1

psyche

Question 2

the study of

Answer 2

ology

Question 3

the scientific study of mind and behavior

Answer 3

psychology

Question 4

based on observation, including experimentation, rather than a method based only on forms of logical argument or previous authorities

Answer 4

empirical method

Question 5

a process by which someone examines their own conscious experience as objectively as possible, making the human mind like any other aspect of nature that a scientist observed

Answer 5

introspection

Question 6

attempt to understand the structure or characteristics of the mind

Answer 6

structuralism

Question 7

psychology’s purpose was to study the function of behavior in the world

Answer 7

functionalism

Question 8

focuses on the role of a person’s unconscious, as well as early childhood experiences, and this particular perspective dominated clinical psychology for several decades

Answer 8

psychoanalytic theory

Question 9

shifting the focus of psychology from the mind to behavior, and this approach of observing and controlling behavior

Answer 9

behaviorism

Question 10

perspective within psychology that emphasizes the potential for good that is innate to all humans

Answer 10

humanism

Question 11

explores how our biology influences our behavior

Answer 11

biopsychology

Question 12

the area of psychology that focuses on studying cognitions, or thoughts, and their relationship to our experiences and our actions

Answer 12

cognitive psychology

Question 13

the scientific study of development across a lifespan

Answer 13

developmental psychology

Question 14

focuses on patterns of thoughts and behaviors that make each individual unique

Answer 14

personality psychology

Question 15

measuring these traits, and determining how these traits interact in a particular context to determine how a person will behave in any given situation

Answer 15

personality traits

Question 16

the area of psychology that focuses on the diagnosis and treatment of psychological disorders and other problematic patterns of behavior

Answer 16

clinical psychology

Question 17

similar discipline that focuses on emotional, social, vocational, and health- related outcomes in individuals who are considered psychologically healthy

Answer 17

counseling psychology

Question 18

branch of psychology that deals questions of psychology as they arise in the context of the justice system.

Answer 18

forensic psychology

Question 19

a colleague of Freud’s and the first president of the Vienna Psychoanalytical Society (Freud’s inner circle of colleagues), was the first major theorist to break away from Freud . He subsequently founded a school of psychology called individual psychology, which focuses on our drive to compensate for feelings of inferiority.

Answer 19

Alfred Adler

Question 20

conducted several experiments in the 1950s to determine how people are affected by the thoughts and behaviors of other people. In one study, a group of participants was shown a series of printed line segments of different lengths: a, b, and c. Participants were then shown a fourth line segment: x. They were asked to identify which line segment from the first group (a, b, or c) most closely resembled the fourth line segment in length.

Answer 20

Solomon Asch

Question 21

social learning theory

Answer 21

Albert Bandura

Question 22

an American linguist, was dissatisfied with the influence that behaviorism had had on psychology. He believed that psychology’s focus on behavior was short-sighted and that the field had to re-incorporate mental functioning into its purview if it were to offer any meaningful contributions to understanding behavior

Answer 22

Noam Chomsky

Question 23

Fascinated by hysteria and neurosis. Believed unconscious mind is accessed though dreams.

Answer 23

Sigmund Freud

Question 23

President of Clark University. Co-authored “A General Introduction to Psychoanalysis” with Sigmund Freud

Answer 23

G. Stanley Hall

Question 23

Functionalism. Influenced by Darwin's theory of Natural Selection, He studied the function of behavior in the world.

Answer 23

William James

Question 24

believed that dreams allowed us to tap into the collective unconscious. followed Freud

Answer 24

Carl Jung

Question 25

1 of 3 German psychologists who immigrated to the United States in the early 20th century to escape Nazi Germany. These men are credited with introducing psychologists in the United States to various Gestalt principles.

Answer 25

Wolfgang Kohler

Question 26

Proposed the hierarchy of needs.

Answer 26

Abraham Maslow

Question 27

Social psychologist. Research a hoax. Paid participants to respond according to what he wanted.

Answer 27

Stanley Milgram

Question 28

studied a form of learning behavior called a conditioned reflex, in which an animal or human produced a reflex (unconscious) response to a stimulus and, over time, was conditioned to produce the response to a different stimulus that the experimenter associated with the original stimulus.

Answer 28

Ivan Pavlov

Question 29

Object permanence- The understanding that physical things continue to exist, even if hidden. Cognitive changes during infancy and childhood.

Answer 29

Jean Piaget

Question 30

was also an American psychologist who, like Maslow, emphasized the potential for good that exists within all people. used a therapeutic technique known as client- centered therapy in helping his clients deal with problematic issues that resulted in their seeking psychotherapy.

Answer 30

Carl Rogers

Question 31

Developed behaviorism which shifted the focus of psychology from the mind to observing and controlling behavior.

Answer 31

B.F. Skinner

Question 32

organisms repeat behaviors only for a positive outcome. -law of effect

Answer 32

E.L. Thorndike

Question 33

Wudnt's student and founder of structuralism. Concerned how elements combine to form an entire picture.Sensory Experiences

Answer 33

Edward Titchener

Question 34

Developed behaviorism which shifted the focus of psychology from the mind to observing and controlling behavior.

Answer 34

John Watson

Question 35

1 of 3 German psychologists who immigrated to the United States in the early 20th century to escape Nazi Germany. These men are credited with introducing psychologists in the United States to various Gestalt principles.

Answer 35

Max Wertheimer

Question 36

Father of Psychology. Structuralism. Created the first laboratory for psychological research and used introspection to identify elements of our conscious experience and sensation. process by which someone examines their own conscious experience in an attempt to break it into its component parts

Answer 36

Wilhelm Wundt

Question 37

AKA: neuroscience. Explores how biology influences our behavior.

Answer 37

Bio/Neurological

Question 38

Study the ultimate biological causes of behavior impacted by genetics and adaption to surroundings.

Answer 38

Evolutionary

Question 39

Takes a holistic view of an individual and his experiences. Gestalt translates to "whole." Brought to America from Germany by Wertherimer, Koffka, & Kohler.

Answer 39

Gestalt

Question 40

Scientific study of how we interact and relate to others.

Answer 40

Social

Question 41

looks at you, your behaviors, and your symptoms in the context of your culture and background.

Answer 41

Sociocultural

Question 42

looks into how people learn in different settings and environments.

Answer 42

Educational

Question 43

behaviorism dominated this for several decades and its influence can still be felt today

Answer 43

Experimental

Question 44

Health psychology focuses on how health is affected by the interaction of biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors.

Answer 44

Health

Question 45

the study of interactions between humans, tools, and work systems.

Answer 45

Human Factors

Question 46

psychological theories, principles, and research findings in industrial and organizational settings

Answer 46

Industrial/Organizational

Question 47

Noam Chomsky: part of cognitive psychology

Answer 47

Linguistics

Question 48

Pavlov worked with was salivation in response to the presence of food. The salivation reflex could be elicited using a second stimulus, such as a specific sound, that was presented in association with the initial food stimulus several times. Once the response to the second stimulus was “learned,” the food stimulus could be omitted. Pavlov’s “classical conditioning” is only one form of learning behavior studied by behaviorists.

Answer 48

Pavlov's Dog

Question 49

Pavlov's experiment with emotions - baby - white rate - loud noise

Answer 49

Watson's "Little Albert"

Question 50

found that nearly two-thirds of his participants were willing to deliver what they believed to be lethal shocks to another person, simply because they were instructed to do so by an authority figure (in this case, a man dressed in a lab coat). This was in spite of the fact that participants received payment for simply showing up for the research study and could have chosen not to inflict pain or more serious consequences on another person by withdrawing from the study.

Answer 50

Milgram's Obedience

Question 51

Bandura researched modeling behavior, particularly children’s modeling of adults’ aggressive and violent behaviors (Bandura, Ross, & Ross, 1961). He conducted an experiment with a five-foot inflatable doll that he called a Bobo doll. In the experiment, children’s aggressive behavior was influenced by whether the teacher was punished for her behavior. In one scenario, a teacher acted aggressively with the doll, hitting, throwing, and even punching the doll, while a child watched. There were two types of responses by thechildren to the teacher’s behavior. When the teacher was punished for her bad behavior, the children decreased their tendency to act as she had. When the teacher was praised or ignored (and not punished for her behavior), the children imitated what she did, and even what she said. They punched, kicked, and yelled at the doll.

Answer 51

Bandura's Bobo Doll

Question 52

In one study, a group of participants was shown a series of printed line segments of different lengths: a, b, and c. Participants were then shown a fourth line segment: x. They were asked to identify which line segment from the first group (a, b, or c) most closely resembled the fourth line segment in length.

Answer 52

Asch's Conformity