Chapter 1: The Cell

Question 1

The four fundamental tenets of the cell theory

Answer 1

-All living things are made of cells
-Basic fundamental unit of life
-Genetic information is varied in the form of DNA and is passed from parent to daughter cell
-All cells arise from other cells

Question 2

Functions of the nucleus (2)

Answer 2

-Stores genetic information
-Site of transcription

Question 3

Functions of the mitochondria (2)

Answer 3

-Involved in ATP production
-Involved in apoptosis

Question 4

-Break down cellular waste products and molecules ingested through endocytosis
-Can be involved in apoptosis

Answer 4

Functions of lysosomes

Question 5

Function of rough endoplasmic reticulum

Answer 5

Synthesizes proteins designed for secretion

Question 6

Functions of smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Answer 6

-Involved in lipid synthesis
-Involved in detoxification

Question 7

Function of Golgi apparatus

Answer 7

Packages, modifies, and distributes cellular products

Question 8

Functions of peroxisomes (3)

Answer 8

-Break down very long chain fatty acids
-Synthesize lipids
-Contribute to the pentose phosphate pathway

Question 9

A child is diagnosed with an enzyme deficiency that prevents the production of hydrogen peroxide. What would the likely outcome be of such a deficiency?

Answer 9

• The inability to digest very long chain fatty acids, which would result in a buildup of peroxisomes until they displaced cellular contents, ultimately resulting in cell death

Question 10

What protein are microfilaments composed of?

Answer 10

Actin

Question 11

What protein are microtubules composed of?

Answer 11

Tubulin

Question 12

What proteins are intermediate filaments composed of?

Answer 12

Keratin, desmin, vimemtin, lamins

Question 13

Centriole cytoskeletal structure

Answer 13

Nine triplets of microtubules around a hollow center

Question 14

Flagella cytoskeletal structure

Answer 14

Nine doublets of microtubules on the outside with two microtubules on the inside

Question 15

Tissue type of fibroblasts

Answer 15

Connective

Question 16

Tissue type of endothelial cells

Answer 16

Epithelial

Question 17

Tissue type of alpha cells

Answer 17

Epithelial

Question 18

Tissue type of osteoblasts

Answer 18

Connective

Question 19

Tissue type of chondroblasts

Answer 19

Connective

Question 20

A unicellular or multicellular organism composed of cells that contain aa membrane-bound nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles

Answer 20

Eukaryote

Question 21

Cell lacking a nuclear membrane and membrane-bound organelles, such as bacterium

Answer 21

Prokaryote

Question 22

Nucleus

Answer 22

The eukaryotic membrane-bound organelle that contains the cell’s chromosomes

Question 23

Chromosome

Answer 23

A filamentous body found within the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell or nucleoid region of a prokaryotic cell, composed of DNA

Question 24

Mitosis

Answer 24

Cellular division that results in the formation of two daughter cells that are genetically identical to each other and to the parent cell

Question 25

Nuclear pore

Answer 25

Small hole in the nuclear membrane that allows for two-way exchange of material between the cytoplasm and nucleus

Question 26

Gene

Answer 26

The basic unit of heredity; a region in a chromosome that codes for a specific product

Question 27

Histone

Answer 27

Organizing protein around which linear DNA is wound

Question 28

Serves as a barrier between the cytosol and the inner environment of a mitochondrion

Answer 28

Outer Membrane

Question 29

Infoldings of the inner membrane of the mitochondria

Answer 29

Cristae

Question 30

Space between the inner and outer foldings of the mitochondria

Answer 30

Intermembrane space

Question 31

The transmission of genetic material independent of the nucleus

Answer 31

Cytoplasmic or extranuclear inheritance

Question 32

Apoptosis

Answer 32

Programmed cell death

Question 33

Lysosome

Answer 33

A membrane-bound organelle that stores hydrolytic enzymes

Question 34

Endosome

Answer 34

Transport, package, and sort cell material traveling to and from the cell membrane

Question 35

Membrane-bound channels in the cytoplasm that transport proteins and lips to various parts of the cell

Answer 35

Endoplasmic reticulum

Question 36

Contains ribosomes attached to the outer surface; site of protein synthesis for proteins destined to be membrane-bound or secreted

Answer 36

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

Question 37

Location of lipid synthesis and detoxification of drugs and poisons

Answer 37

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Question 38

Transports materials from the endoplasmic reticulum in vesicles

Answer 38

Golgi apparatus

Question 39

Method by which contents of the Golgi apparatus are released via the cell membrane

Answer 39

Exocytosis

Question 40

Organelle that contains hydrogen peroxide and participates in the breakdown of very long chain fatty acids

Answer 40

Peroxisome

Question 41

Provides structure to a cell and helps maintain its shape

Answer 41

Cytoskeleton

Question 42

Division and distribution of parent cell cytoplasm to the two new daughter cells during mitotic and meiotic cell division

Answer 42

Cytokinesis

Question 43

A ring at the site of division between two new daughter cells

Answer 43

Cleavage furrow (microfilament)

Question 44

Hollow polymers of tubulin proteins

Answer 44

Microtubules

Question 45

Projections from a cell that are primarily involved in the movement of materials along the surface of a cell

Answer 45

Cilia

Question 46

Structures that are involved in the movement of a cell itself

Answer 46

Flagella

Question 47

Structure of nine pairs of microtubules forming an outer ring, with two microtubules in the center, seen only in eukaryotic organelles of motility

Answer 47

9 + 2 structure

Question 48

Small organelle in the cytoplasm off of animal cells; organizes the spindle apparatus during mitosis or meiosis

Answer 48

Centriole

Question 49

Paired cylindrical organelle, located in the cytoplasm, that contains the centrioles

Answer 49

Centrosome

Question 50

A protein structure, located at the centromere, that provides a place for spindle fibers to attach to the chromosome

Answer 50

Kinetochore

Question 51

Connection of fibers that help to maintain the overall integrity of the cytoskeleton

Answer 51

Intermediate filaments

Question 52

Tissue type that covers the body and line it’s cavities, providing a means for protection against pathogen invasion and desiccation

Answer 52

Epithelial

Question 53

Underlying layer of connective tissue to which epithelial cells are tightly attached

Answer 53

Basement membrane

Question 54

Functional tissue of an organ consisting of epithelial cells

Answer 54

Parenchyma

Question 55

Simple

Answer 55

Epithelia consisting of one layer of cells

Question 56

Epithelia consisting of multiple layers

Answer 56

Stratified

Question 57

Epithelia that appears to have multiple layers due to differences in cell height, however have only one true layer

Answer 57

Pseudostratified

Question 58

Cuboidal cell shape

Answer 58

Cube

Question 59

Columnar cell shape

Answer 59

Long and thin

Question 60

Squamous cell shape

Answer 60

Flat and scale-like

Question 61

Animal tissue composed of cells lying in an extracurricular proteinaceous network that supports, connects, and surrounds the organs and structures of the body

Answer 61

Connective

Question 62

Support structures by which connective tissues are the main contributor

Answer 62

Stroma