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Biology - MCAT > Chapter 1-The Cell > Flashcards

Chapter 1-The Cell Flashcards

1
Q

Cell Theory

A

1) All living things are composed of cells
2) Cells arise from preexisting cells
3) Cell is the basic functional unit of life

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2
Q

Eukaryotic cells

A

True nucleus in a membrane

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3
Q

Prokarotic cells

A

No nucleus

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4
Q

Cytosol

A

Aqueous component of cytoplasm

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5
Q

Cytoplasm

A

Everything that spans the space behind the cell membrane

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6
Q

Nucleus

A

Where genetic material (DNA) is encoded in the form of chromosomes

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7
Q

Components of nucleus

A

Nuclear membrane (envelope): Distinct environment from cytoplasm

Nuclear pores: Allow selective two-way exchange of material between cytoplasm and nucleus.

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8
Q

Genes

A

DNA coding regions

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9
Q

Histones

A

Linear DNA is wound around these protein complexes

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10
Q

Chromosomes

A

Several strands of DNA wound around histones and stacked on one another

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11
Q

Nucleolus

A

Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) synthesized here

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12
Q

Mitochondria

A

Power plant of the cell

Outer membrane

Inner membrane: Many foldings called cristae.

Intermembrane space: Space between the inner membrane and the matrix.

Protons are pumped here to establish the proton-motive force ultimately to produce ATP.

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13
Q

Cytoplasmis or extranuclear inheritance

A

Transmission of genetic material independent of the nucleus.

Mitochondria are thought to have evolved from a prokaryote.

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14
Q

Apoptosis

A

Mitochondria can release enzymes from ETC that results in programmed cell death.

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15
Q

Lysosomes

A

Have enzymes to break substrates down

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16
Q

Autolysis

A

When lysosomes release their enzymes it results in apoptosis.

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17
Q

Endoplasmic reticulum

A

Series of interconnected membranes that are actually contiguous with the nuclear envelope. The double membrane of the endoplasmic reticulum is folded into numerous invaginations.

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18
Q

Rough ER

A

Contains the ribosomes necessary for translation

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19
Q

Smooth ER

A

Lipid synthesis and detoxification of certain drugs and poisons.

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20
Q

Golgi Apparatus

A

Modification of carbohydrates, phosphates, and sulfates.

Packaging center to be sent to other cellular locations via exocytosis.

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21
Q

Peroxisomes

A

Contain hydrogen peroxide which aid in the β-oxidation of fatty acids.

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22
Q

Cytoskeletons

A

Structure which helps the cell to maintain its shape

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23
Q

Microfilaments

A

Composed of actin

Use myosin to move

Make the cleavage furrow

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24
Q

Cytokinesis

A

Division of materials between daughter cells

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25
Microtubules
Made of tubulin proteins Motor proteins kinesin and dynein carry vessicles Cilia and flagella are composed of microtubules
26
Cilia -- microtubules
Projections from a cell that move materials along the surface of a cell
27
Flagella--microtubules
Projections from a cells that actually move the cells Sperm use flagella
28
9+2 structure
9 pairs of microtubules forming an outer ring and 2 more in the middle
29
Intermediate filaments
Diverse group of filamentous proteins including keratin, desmin, vimentin, and lamins. Many are involved in cell adhesion
30
Epithelial tissues
Cover the body and line its cavities, providing a means for protection against pathogen invasion and desiccation.
31
Basement membrane
Epithelial cells connected together
32
Parenchyma
Functional unit of an organ Epithelial cells usually constitute the parenchyma
33
Simple epithelia
One layer
34
Stratified epithelia
Multiple layers
35
Pseudostratified epithelia
May appear to have multiple layers but really only have one
36
Epithelial Shape
Cuboidal, columnar, or squamous cuboidal: Cube Columnar: Column Squamous: Flat and scalelike
37
Connective tissue
Supports the body and provides a framework for the epithelial cells to carry out their functions.
38
Stroma
Support structure--connective tissue. Bone, cartilage, tendons, ligaments, adipose tissue, and blood are all examples of connective tissues. Most cells in connective tissues produce and secrete materials such as collagen and elastin to form the extracellular matrix.
39
Archaea
Single-celled organisms that are visually similar to bacteria Extremophiles--harsh environments Circular chromosome Start translation with methionine, same RNA polymerases, and associate their DNA with histones. Circular DNA but are very similar to eukaryotes
40
Bacteria
All bacteria contain a cell membrane and cytoplasm and some have flagella or fimbriae
41
Mutualistic Symbiotes
Gut bacteria Both humans and bacteria benefit
42
Pathogens or parasites
Provide no advantage or benefit to the host Can live intracellularly (chlamydia) or outside (tetanus)
43
Cocci
Spherical bacteria
44
Bacilli
Rod-shaped bacteria
45
Spirilli
Spiral bacteria
46
Aerobes
Bacteria that require oxygen for survival
47
Anaerobes
Bacteria that do not require oxygen for survival
48
Facultative anaerobes
Can use oxygen if it is available otherwise doesn't matter
49
Aerotolerant anaerobes
Unable to use oxygen
50
Bacteria Structure
Cell wall Cell membrane (plasma membrane) Ribosome Nucleoid region (DNA)
51
Gram positive
Safranin is used to stain it Gram positive: have peptidoglycan and lipoteichoic acid Stained purple
52
Gram negative
Thin cell walls and has much less peptidoglycan Have outer membranes that contain phospholipids and lipopolysaccharides--this is what causes the inflammatory immune response in humans.
53
Chemotaxis
Ability to detect chemical stimuli and move away or toward
54
Flagella
Filament is hollow composed of flagellin. Basal body anchors the flagellum to the cytoplasmic membrane. Hook: Connects the filament and the basal body so that it exerts torque on the filament and can propel it forward.
55
Plasmids
carry DNA that is not necessary for survival of the prokaryote
56
Binary fission
Simple form of asexual reproduction seen in prokaryotes Fewer steps than mitosis--faster
57
Virulence factors
Traits that increase how pathogenic a bacterium is such as toxin production, projections that allow bacterium to attach to certain kinds of cells, or evasion of the host's immune system.
58
Transformation
Results from integration of foreign genetic material into the host genome.
59
Conjugation
Form of mating that involves two cells forming a conjugation bridge between them that allows for the transfer of genetic material. Donor male to recipient female.
60
Sex factors
Plasmids that bacteria must have in order for conjugation to occur
61
F (fertility) factor
E.Coli Bacteria possessing this plasmid are termed F+ cells; those without are called F- cells. F+ cell replicates and gives the F copy to another copy This may aid in the development of antiobiotic resistance
62
High-frequency recombination
Hfr Bacteria that attempt to transfer the whole genome to another bacteria with the F+ incorporated into the genome. Usually is not successful
63
Transduction
Requires a vector--a virus that carries genetic material from one bacterium to another.
64
Bacteriophage
Viruses that infect bacteria can accidentally trap a segment of host DNA during assembly. This is transduction.
65
Transposons
Genetic elements capable of inserting and removing themselves from the genome. Found in prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
66
Growth phases
Lag phase--new local conditions and bacteria are adapting Exponential phase: Colony grows exponentially (also called the log phase) Stationary phase: Resources have become reduced and growth slows. Death phase: Bacteria die as all resources have been depleted.
67
Viruses
Are not living things because they do not grow, move independently, divide or metabolize Genetic information may be circular or linear, single or double stranded
68
Capsid
Protein cap of the virus
69
Envelope
Sometimes present and surrounds the capsid made of phospholipid Sensitive to heat and detergents--viruses are easier to kill
70
Host cell
Viruses do not have ribosomes for translation so they must hijack machinery from a host cell to carry out protein synthesis
71
Virions
Viral progeny
72
Bacteriophages
Viruses that specifically target bacteria They don't actually enter bacteria; rather, they simply inject their genetic material They use a tail sheath which is like the syringe Tail fibers help the bacteriophage recognize and connect to the cell
73
Viral genomes
DNA or RNA Linear or circular
74
Positive sense (virus)
genome may be directly translated to functional proteins by the ribosomes of the host cells, just like mRNA
75
Negative-sense RNA
Require synthesis of an RNA strand complementary to the negative sense RNA strand Need RNA replicase
76
Retroviruses
Enveloped, single-stranded RNA viruses
77
Reverse transcriptase
Synthesizes DNA from single-stranded RNA and integrates into the host cell genome as if it were the host cell's own DNA Only way to cure infection is to kill the cell itself HIV
78
Progeny Release
1) Cell death 2) cell lysis 3) Extrusion
79
Extrusion
Allows for survival of the host cell during viral reproduction
80
Lytic phase/virulent phase
Virus doesn't care about the fate of cell cell fills with virions and lyses
81
Lysogenic cycle
Virus integrates into the host genome as a provirus or prophage, which can then reproduce along with the cell. The provirus then leaves the genome in response to a stimulus at some later time and enters the lytic cycle.
82
Prions
Infectious proteins and are, thus also nonliving. Prions trigger misfolding of other proteins, usually involving the conversion of a protein from an α-helical structure to a β-pleated sheet.
83
Viroids
Small pathogens consisting of a very short circular single-stranded RNA that infect plants. Can silence plant genes in the genome. Exist in humans. Hepatitis D--not harmful. Harmful when you have hepatitis B, then it can exert its gene silencing capabilities.

Biology - MCAT (1 decks)

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