Define: Anatomy
investigates the body; means to disect
Define: Physiology
investigates processes and functions
Define: Human Physiology
studies the human organism
Importance of Anatomy & Physiology
to understand how the body: ° responds to stimuli ° environmental changes ° environmental cues ° diseases ° injury
Chemical Level
atoms combine to form molecules
Cellular Level
molecules form organelles, such as the nucleus & mitochondria, which make up cells
Tissue Level
similar cells and surrounding materials make up tissues
Organ Level
different tissues combine to form organs
Organ System Level
organs make up an organ system
Organism Level
organ systems make up an organism
Chemical Discipline
smallest level; atoms, chemical bonds, molecules
Cellular Discipline
basic units of life; compartments and organelles; mitochondria, nucleus
Tissues Discipline
group of cells with similar structure and function plus extracellular substances they release
What are the four broad types of tissues?
° epithelial
° connective
° muscular
° nervous
Organs Discipline
two or more tissue types acting together to perform function(s); examples: stomach, heart, liver, ovary, bladder, kidney
Organ-System Discipline
group of organs contributing to some function; for example, digestive system, reproductive system
Organism Discipline
all organ systems working together; includes associated microorganisms such as intestinal bacteria
Define: Homeostasis
maintenance of constant internal environment despite fluctuations in the external or internal environment
How do we keep homeostasis in balance?
normal extent of increase or decrease around a set point
Define: Set point
normal, or average value of a variable over time; body temperature fluctuates around a set point
Positive Feedback
mechanisms occur when the initial stimulus further stimulates the response
Negative Feedback
main mechanism used for homeostatic regulation
Detection (negative feedback)
of deviation away from set point
Correction (negative feedback)
reversal of deviation toward set point and normal range
Define: Metabolism
sum of all chemical and physical changes sustaining an organism; ability to acquire and use energy in support of these changes
Define: Responsiveness
ability to sense and respond to environmental changes; includes both internal and external environments
Define: Organization
functional interrelationship between parts (movements)
Define: Growth
can increase in size; size of cells, groups of cells, extracellular materials
Define: Development
changes in form and size
Define: Differentiation
changes in cell structure and function from generalized to specialized
Define: Reproduction
formation of new cells or new organisms; generation of new individuals; tissue repair
What is the anatomical position?
person standing erect with face and palms forward
Define: Proximal
close to point of attachment
Define: Distal
far from point of attachment
Define: Superficial
structure close to the surface
Define: Deep
structure toward the interior of the body
Define: Superior
above
Define: Inferior
below
Define: Anterior
front (also: ventral)
Define: Posterior
back (also: dorsal)
