Chapter 1 The Microbial World And You Flashcards
(110 cards)
1
Q
What is microbiology?
A
Small living study, study of Microorganism
2
Q
Bacteriology with examples
A
Bacteria examples. Gonorrhea syphilis ulcers yogurt cheese. Can be good or bad bacteria.
3
Q
Virology with examples
A
Viruses examples. Aids, smallpox, flu, Ebola. Mostly bad.
4
Q
Mycology with examples
A
Fungi examples mode, yeast infections, beer and wine, bread, penicillin.
5
Q
Parasitology With examples
A
Parasites example. Tapeworm, heartworm.
6
Q
Protozoology with examples
A
Protozoans: parasites singlecellular examples. Malaria
7
Q
Phycology with examples
A
Algae examples: phytoplankton microbiofuels
8
Q
Describe some destructive actions of microbes
A
. Few are pathogenic (disease causing)
.Led to aseptic, sterilize, techniques to prevent contamination in medicine and labs.
9
Q
Describe some of the beneficial actions of microbes
A
Decomposed organic waste
.Produce industrial chemicals, ethanol in acetone space
.prevent food spoilage
.prevent disease occurrence
.produce vinegar cheese bread fermented goods
10
Q
What is insulin produced by?
A
Yeast - in the past, the pancreas from cows were purified to obtain insulin.
11
Q
Each organism has two names, what are they named?
A
Genus and specific epithet
12
Q
List the three domains
A
Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya
13
Q
Bacillus
A
Rod like
14
Q
Cococus
A
Spherical or ovoid
15
Q
Spiral
A
Corkscrew or curved
16
Q
What is a bacteria’s cell wall made of?
A
Carbs and protein complex – peptidoglycan
17
Q
What type of organism is that bacteria?
A
Prokaryote
18
Q
What does bacteria use for energy?
A
Organic chemicals, and organic chemicals, photosynthesis
19
Q
How does bacteria reproduce?
A
Binary fission – dividing into two equal cells
20
Q
What are bacteria is moving appendages called?
A
Flagella
21
Q
What type of organism is Archaea?
A
Prokaryotic
22
Q
What do Archaea lack in cell wall that bacteria has abundance of?
A
peptidoglycan
23
Q
Where do Archaea live?
A
Extreme environments
24
Q
Methanogens
A
Archaea that Produce methane as Waze
25
Extreme halophiles
Archaea that are Salt loving
26
Extreme thermophiles
Archaea that are heat loving, live in hot sulfurous water
27
What kind of organism is fungi?
Eukaryote
28
What type of cell wall does fungi have?
Chitin
29
What are some examples of multicellular fungi?
Molds and mushrooms
30
Mold forms what type a mass that is form by what type of long filament?
Mysella
| Hyphae
31
What type of fungi is Uni cellular?
Yeast
32
Where does fungi receive its nutrition?
Absorbing organic material, animal or plant host, soil, seawater, freshwater
33
How does fungi reproduce?
Sexually or asexually
34
What are slime molds?
Characteristics of fungi and Amebae
35
What type of organisms are Protozoa?
Eukaryotes
36
What do protozoa ingest or absorb?
Organic chemicals
37
What are the three ways that Protozoa can't move?
pseudopods, flagella, cilia
38
How can protozoa produce?
Asexually or sexually
39
What type of organism is Algae?
Eukaryotes
40
What type of cell wall does algae have?
cellulose cell wall
41
What do Algae use for energy?
Photosynthesis
42
What do Algae produce?
Molecular oxygen and organic compounds
43
What role does Algae play in?
To balance nature – there photosynthesis produces oxygen and carbohydrates.
44
What type of organism are viruses?
Acellular
45
what are viruses made of?
DNA or RNA core, core surrounded by a protein coat (Coat may be enclosed by lipid envelop)
46
How are viruses replicated ?
Only when they are in a living host cell
47
What type of organism are multicellular animal parasites?
Eukaryotes
48
What are paracytic flatworms and roundworms called?
Helminths
49
When were the first microbes observed?
1673
50
Robert Hooke
Reported that living things are composed a little boxes or cells: 1665
51
Rudolph Virchow
Cells arise from pre-existing cells: 1858
52
Cell theory
All living things are composed of cells and come from pre-existing cells
53
Anton van Leeuwenhoek
Described live microorganisms; 1673 through 1723, Develop the first microscope
54
First Magnasco by who?
Anton van Leeuwenhoek
55
Spontaneous generation
The hypothesis that living organisms arise from nonliving matter - "Vital force" forms life
56
Biogenesis
The hypothesis is that the living organisms arise from pre-existing life
57
John Needham
Put boil nutrient broth into cover flask: 1745
58
Lazzaro's Spallanzanni
Boil nutrient solutions in flask: 1765
| Demonstrated that Microorganisms are present in the air
59
Louis Pasteur
Demonstrated the life did not arise spontaneously from nonliving matter: 1822 - 1895
60
Who said that microbes were responsible for fermentation and what is Fermentation?
Pasteur microbes are responsible for fermentation.
| The conversion of sugar to alcohol to make beer and wine – yeast converts sugar into alcohol
61
Pasteurization
The application of high heat for a short time
62
Agostino Bassi
Silk worm disease was caused by a fungus: 1835
63
Pasteur in 1865
Another silkworm disease was caused by Protozoan
64
Ignaz Semmelweis
Advocate of handwashing to prevent transmission of puerperal fever from one OB patient to another: 1840
65
Joseph Lister
Perform surgery on there aseptic conditions using phenol. Prove that microbes cause surgical wound infections.
66
Robert Koch
Prove the bacterium causes anthrax
67
Koch postulates
Specific microbe causes a specific disease
68
Edward Jenner
Inoculated a person with cowpox virus who was protected then from smallpox– Immunity – vaccination
69
Chemotherapy
Treatment with chemicals
70
Antibiotics
Chemicals produced by bacteria and fungi that inhibit or kill other microbes
71
Magic bullet
Paul Ehrlich – magic bullet = destroy a pathogen without harming host
72
Paul Ehrlich
Develop a synthetic arsenic drug to treat syphilis – Salvarsan :1910
73
Alexander Fleming
Discovered the first antibiotic- penicillin: 1928
74
Microbe/ Microorganism
Living things too small to be seen with the unaided eye
75
Pathogen
Disease causing microbe
76
Carolus Linnaeus
Developed taxonomic system for naming plants and animals and grouping similar organisms together
77
Binomial nomenclature
Two names
78
Theodore Eserich
Discovered Escherichia Coli or E. coli
79
Bacteria
Uni cellular organisms, usually prokaryotic cells
80
Prokaryotes
Bacteria without a nucleus
81
Eukaryote
includes a nucleus
82
Ignaz Semmelweis
Advocated handwashing to prevent transmission of puerperal fever from one OB patient to another
83
Scientific method
Question a phenomenon,design and conduct experiments to test hypothesis, observe results and either accept reject or modify hypothesis
84
penicillin
Antibiotic to kill S. Aureus to prevent penicillium
85
Biological insecticides
Microbes that are pathogenic to insects and prevent insect damage to crops and disease transmission
86
Bacillus Thuringiensis
Fatal to many insects but harmless to other animals and plants
87
Normal microbiota
Microbes normally present in and on the human body
88
Biofilms
Microbes attached to solid surfaces and grow into masses. Examples. Rocks, pipes, teeth, medical implants
89
Normal microbiota prevent what?
Growth of pathogens
90
Normal microbiota produce what growth factors?
folic acid and vitamin K
91
Resistance
The ability of the body to ward off disease. Examples. Skin, stomach acid, antimicrobial chemicals
92
Emerging infectious diseases, EIDs
New diseases and diseases increasing in incidence
93
Avian influenza a
Primarily in waterfowl and poultry
94
MRSA
methicillin resistant staphylococcus aureus, resistance to drugs equal evolving
95
E. coli
Leading cause of diarrhea worldwide
96
Ebola hemorrhagic fever
Caused by bats changing habitats and climate, causes fever, hemorrhaging, and blood clotting
97
Zoonotic
Close contact to animals
98
Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Aids
Caused by HIV, sexually transmitted infection affecting males and females, 26% female and 49% African-Americans
99
Biogenesis
Living cells can arise only from pre-existing living cells, life can arise as a result of micro organisms present in the living matter, Microorganisms present in nonliving matter can lead to new Michael organisms.
100
Spontaneous generation
Life can arise spontaneously from nonliving matter, living cells can arise from nonliving matter under favorable conditions, vital forces in nonliving matter can lead to new life.
101
Common commercial benefits of Microorganisms include synthesis of what?
Riboflavin, acetone, insulin
102
The formal system for classifying and naming organisms was developed by who?
Carolus Linnaeus
103
Who is credited with first observing Microorganisms?
Anton van Leeuwenhoek
104
The argument supporting spontaneous generation were finally disapproved by who?
Louis Pasteur
105
The microbial process of converting sugars to alcohol is known as what?
Fermentation
106
The use of phenol, carbolic acid, as a wound disinfectant was first practice by who?
Lister
107
Which physician is first associated with vaccination?
Jenner
108
Penicillin was discovered by accident by who?
Alexander Fleming
109
Who was the first scientist pursue a " magic bullet" that could be used to treat infections diseases?
Ehrlich
110
Biofilms are more or less sensitive to antibiotics?
Less compared to free living w bacteria
