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Microbiology And Lab > Chapter 1 The Microbial World And You > Flashcards

Chapter 1 The Microbial World And You Flashcards

1
Q

What is microbiology?

A

Small living study, study of Microorganism

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2
Q

Bacteriology with examples

A

Bacteria examples. Gonorrhea syphilis ulcers yogurt cheese. Can be good or bad bacteria.

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3
Q

Virology with examples

A

Viruses examples. Aids, smallpox, flu, Ebola. Mostly bad.

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4
Q

Mycology with examples

A

Fungi examples mode, yeast infections, beer and wine, bread, penicillin.

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5
Q

Parasitology With examples

A

Parasites example. Tapeworm, heartworm.

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6
Q

Protozoology with examples

A

Protozoans: parasites singlecellular examples. Malaria

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7
Q

Phycology with examples

A

Algae examples: phytoplankton microbiofuels

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8
Q

Describe some destructive actions of microbes

A

. Few are pathogenic (disease causing)

.Led to aseptic, sterilize, techniques to prevent contamination in medicine and labs.

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9
Q

Describe some of the beneficial actions of microbes

A

Decomposed organic waste
.Produce industrial chemicals, ethanol in acetone space
.prevent food spoilage
.prevent disease occurrence
.produce vinegar cheese bread fermented goods

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10
Q

What is insulin produced by?

A

Yeast - in the past, the pancreas from cows were purified to obtain insulin.

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11
Q

Each organism has two names, what are they named?

A

Genus and specific epithet

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12
Q

List the three domains

A

Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya

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13
Q

Bacillus

A

Rod like

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14
Q

Cococus

A

Spherical or ovoid

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15
Q

Spiral

A

Corkscrew or curved

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16
Q

What is a bacteria’s cell wall made of?

A

Carbs and protein complex – peptidoglycan

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17
Q

What type of organism is that bacteria?

A

Prokaryote

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18
Q

What does bacteria use for energy?

A

Organic chemicals, and organic chemicals, photosynthesis

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19
Q

How does bacteria reproduce?

A

Binary fission – dividing into two equal cells

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20
Q

What are bacteria is moving appendages called?

A

Flagella

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21
Q

What type of organism is Archaea?

A

Prokaryotic

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22
Q

What do Archaea lack in cell wall that bacteria has abundance of?

A

peptidoglycan

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23
Q

Where do Archaea live?

A

Extreme environments

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24
Q

Methanogens

A

Archaea that Produce methane as Waze

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25
Q

Extreme halophiles

A

Archaea that are Salt loving

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26
Q

Extreme thermophiles

A

Archaea that are heat loving, live in hot sulfurous water

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27
Q

What kind of organism is fungi?

A

Eukaryote

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28
Q

What type of cell wall does fungi have?

A

Chitin

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29
Q

What are some examples of multicellular fungi?

A

Molds and mushrooms

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30
Q

Mold forms what type a mass that is form by what type of long filament?

A

Mysella

Hyphae

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31
Q

What type of fungi is Uni cellular?

A

Yeast

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32
Q

Where does fungi receive its nutrition?

A

Absorbing organic material, animal or plant host, soil, seawater, freshwater

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33
Q

How does fungi reproduce?

A

Sexually or asexually

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34
Q

What are slime molds?

A

Characteristics of fungi and Amebae

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35
Q

What type of organisms are Protozoa?

A

Eukaryotes

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36
Q

What do protozoa ingest or absorb?

A

Organic chemicals

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37
Q

What are the three ways that Protozoa can’t move?

A

pseudopods, flagella, cilia

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38
Q

How can protozoa produce?

A

Asexually or sexually

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39
Q

What type of organism is Algae?

A

Eukaryotes

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40
Q

What type of cell wall does algae have?

A

cellulose cell wall

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41
Q

What do Algae use for energy?

A

Photosynthesis

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42
Q

What do Algae produce?

A

Molecular oxygen and organic compounds

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43
Q

What role does Algae play in?

A

To balance nature – there photosynthesis produces oxygen and carbohydrates.

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44
Q

What type of organism are viruses?

A

Acellular

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45
Q

what are viruses made of?

A

DNA or RNA core, core surrounded by a protein coat (Coat may be enclosed by lipid envelop)

46
Q

How are viruses replicated ?

A

Only when they are in a living host cell

47
Q

What type of organism are multicellular animal parasites?

A

Eukaryotes

48
Q

What are paracytic flatworms and roundworms called?

A

Helminths

49
Q

When were the first microbes observed?

A

1673

50
Q

Robert Hooke

A

Reported that living things are composed a little boxes or cells: 1665

51
Q

Rudolph Virchow

A

Cells arise from pre-existing cells: 1858

52
Q

Cell theory

A

All living things are composed of cells and come from pre-existing cells

53
Q

Anton van Leeuwenhoek

A

Described live microorganisms; 1673 through 1723, Develop the first microscope

54
Q

First Magnasco by who?

A

Anton van Leeuwenhoek

55
Q

Spontaneous generation

A

The hypothesis that living organisms arise from nonliving matter - “Vital force” forms life

56
Q

Biogenesis

A

The hypothesis is that the living organisms arise from pre-existing life

57
Q

John Needham

A

Put boil nutrient broth into cover flask: 1745

58
Q

Lazzaro’s Spallanzanni

A

Boil nutrient solutions in flask: 1765

Demonstrated that Microorganisms are present in the air

59
Q

Louis Pasteur

A

Demonstrated the life did not arise spontaneously from nonliving matter: 1822 - 1895

60
Q

Who said that microbes were responsible for fermentation and what is Fermentation?

A

Pasteur microbes are responsible for fermentation.

The conversion of sugar to alcohol to make beer and wine – yeast converts sugar into alcohol

61
Q

Pasteurization

A

The application of high heat for a short time

62
Q

Agostino Bassi

A

Silk worm disease was caused by a fungus: 1835

63
Q

Pasteur in 1865

A

Another silkworm disease was caused by Protozoan

64
Q

Ignaz Semmelweis

A

Advocate of handwashing to prevent transmission of puerperal fever from one OB patient to another: 1840

65
Q

Joseph Lister

A

Perform surgery on there aseptic conditions using phenol. Prove that microbes cause surgical wound infections.

66
Q

Robert Koch

A

Prove the bacterium causes anthrax

67
Q

Koch postulates

A

Specific microbe causes a specific disease

68
Q

Edward Jenner

A

Inoculated a person with cowpox virus who was protected then from smallpox– Immunity – vaccination

69
Q

Chemotherapy

A

Treatment with chemicals

70
Q

Antibiotics

A

Chemicals produced by bacteria and fungi that inhibit or kill other microbes

71
Q

Magic bullet

A

Paul Ehrlich – magic bullet = destroy a pathogen without harming host

72
Q

Paul Ehrlich

A

Develop a synthetic arsenic drug to treat syphilis – Salvarsan :1910

73
Q

Alexander Fleming

A

Discovered the first antibiotic- penicillin: 1928

74
Q

Microbe/ Microorganism

A

Living things too small to be seen with the unaided eye

75
Q

Pathogen

A

Disease causing microbe

76
Q

Carolus Linnaeus

A

Developed taxonomic system for naming plants and animals and grouping similar organisms together

77
Q

Binomial nomenclature

A

Two names

78
Q

Theodore Eserich

A

Discovered Escherichia Coli or E. coli

79
Q

Bacteria

A

Uni cellular organisms, usually prokaryotic cells

80
Q

Prokaryotes

A

Bacteria without a nucleus

81
Q

Eukaryote

A

includes a nucleus

82
Q

Ignaz Semmelweis

A

Advocated handwashing to prevent transmission of puerperal fever from one OB patient to another

83
Q

Scientific method

A

Question a phenomenon,design and conduct experiments to test hypothesis, observe results and either accept reject or modify hypothesis

84
Q

penicillin

A

Antibiotic to kill S. Aureus to prevent penicillium

85
Q

Biological insecticides

A

Microbes that are pathogenic to insects and prevent insect damage to crops and disease transmission

86
Q

Bacillus Thuringiensis

A

Fatal to many insects but harmless to other animals and plants

87
Q

Normal microbiota

A

Microbes normally present in and on the human body

88
Q

Biofilms

A

Microbes attached to solid surfaces and grow into masses. Examples. Rocks, pipes, teeth, medical implants

89
Q

Normal microbiota prevent what?

A

Growth of pathogens

90
Q

Normal microbiota produce what growth factors?

A

folic acid and vitamin K

91
Q

Resistance

A

The ability of the body to ward off disease. Examples. Skin, stomach acid, antimicrobial chemicals

92
Q

Emerging infectious diseases, EIDs

A

New diseases and diseases increasing in incidence

93
Q

Avian influenza a

A

Primarily in waterfowl and poultry

94
Q

MRSA

A

methicillin resistant staphylococcus aureus, resistance to drugs equal evolving

95
Q

E. coli

A

Leading cause of diarrhea worldwide

96
Q

Ebola hemorrhagic fever

A

Caused by bats changing habitats and climate, causes fever, hemorrhaging, and blood clotting

97
Q

Zoonotic

A

Close contact to animals

98
Q

Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Aids

A

Caused by HIV, sexually transmitted infection affecting males and females, 26% female and 49% African-Americans

99
Q

Biogenesis

A

Living cells can arise only from pre-existing living cells, life can arise as a result of micro organisms present in the living matter, Microorganisms present in nonliving matter can lead to new Michael organisms.

100
Q

Spontaneous generation

A

Life can arise spontaneously from nonliving matter, living cells can arise from nonliving matter under favorable conditions, vital forces in nonliving matter can lead to new life.

101
Q

Common commercial benefits of Microorganisms include synthesis of what?

A

Riboflavin, acetone, insulin

102
Q

The formal system for classifying and naming organisms was developed by who?

A

Carolus Linnaeus

103
Q

Who is credited with first observing Microorganisms?

A

Anton van Leeuwenhoek

104
Q

The argument supporting spontaneous generation were finally disapproved by who?

A

Louis Pasteur

105
Q

The microbial process of converting sugars to alcohol is known as what?

A

Fermentation

106
Q

The use of phenol, carbolic acid, as a wound disinfectant was first practice by who?

A

Lister

107
Q

Which physician is first associated with vaccination?

A

Jenner

108
Q

Penicillin was discovered by accident by who?

A

Alexander Fleming

109
Q

Who was the first scientist pursue a “ magic bullet” that could be used to treat infections diseases?

A

Ehrlich

110
Q

Biofilms are more or less sensitive to antibiotics?

A

Less compared to free living w bacteria

Microbiology And Lab (4 decks)

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